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2024 Vet physiology > Lecture 1: Body Fluid Compartments and Transport Across Cell Membranes > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Body Fluid Compartments and Transport Across Cell Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

How much total body water does a 20kg dog have?

A

20 kg x 0.6 L =12 kg or 12 L

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2
Q

what are the two major fluid compartments

A

ICF - intercellular fluid
ECF - extracellular fluid

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3
Q

what is the percent volume of ICF

A

40%

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4
Q

What is the percent volume of ECF

A

20%

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5
Q

what are the two compartments of the ECF

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

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6
Q

what is the percent volume of plasma in the ECF

A

4%

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7
Q

what is the percent volume of intersitital fluid in the ECF

A

16%

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8
Q

What is the ECF volume of a 105kg pig?

A

105kg x 0.2 = 21 L or 21,000 mL

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9
Q

What is the average blood volume of an animal

A

70 mL/kg

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10
Q

What is the average total body water in animals

A

60%

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11
Q

define equivalent

A

amount of charged solutes

CaCl2 = 4 equivalents

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12
Q

define Osmole

A

number of particles into which a solute dissociates in solution

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13
Q

What does pH express

A

H ion concentration
- H ion concentration in body fluids is relatively low, so express as a log term (pH)

  • pH = -log10[H+]
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14
Q

what is the term for each body fluid compartment must have the same concentration of cations as anions

A

electroneutrality

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15
Q

What is the major cations of the ECF

A

Na+

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16
Q

what is the major anions of the ECF

A

Cl- and HCO3-

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17
Q

What is the major cations in the ICF

A

K+

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18
Q

What is the major anions in the ICF

A

organic phosphates and proteins

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19
Q

which cellular fluid compartment has low ionized Ca2+ and is more acidic

A

ICF

  • Bound: bound to other substances and not free to interact

Free : About to interact with other substances

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20
Q

When the ICF and ECF have the same osmolarity it is said to be

A

electroneutral

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21
Q

what is the average osmolarity in the body

A

290-300 mOsm/L

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22
Q

What is the plasma volume of a 6kg cat?

A

240 mL

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23
Q

Cell membranes are/are not freely soluble to all solutes making it selectively permeable

A

are not

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24
Q

What two transport mechanisms directly use ATP

A

Na+ / K+ ATPase pump
- move sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

Ca2+ / ATPase pump
- Moves calcium out of the cell

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25
Q

Transporters for glucose, amino acids, Ca2+, H+ utilize __________ gradient, but dont directly use energy

A

Na+

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26
Q

What causes nerve and muscles cells to have resting membrane potentials

A

K+ differences

27
Q

What causes upstroke of action potentials in nerve and muscle cells, and absorption of nutrients

A

Na+ difference

28
Q

What causes excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells

A

Ca2+ differences

29
Q

Cell membranes are composed of what two characteristics

A

lipids: Phospholidis, cholesterol, and glycolipids

Proteins: transporters, enzymes, hormone recepots, ions and water channels

Phospholipid componet: Helps form lipid bilayer

Protein componet

30
Q

what allows the cell membrane to be permeable to lipid-soluble substances such as CO2, H2O, FA and steroid hormones

A

Lipids

31
Q

What are the two proteins that make up the protein componet

A

Integral and peripheral proteins

32
Q

Define integral protein

A

can be transmembrane proteins
- hormones
- neurotransmittes receptors
- pores
- ion channel

33
Q

Define peripheral protein

A

not bound to membrane / loosely attached by electrostatic interactions
- only on one side of the cell membrane

34
Q

what type of transport does not require energy and occurs down an eletrochemical gradient

A

simple or facilitaed diffusion

35
Q

what type of transport occurs against an eletrochemical gradient

A

primary and secondary transport

36
Q

define primary transport

A

direct input of energy

37
Q

what type of trasnport uses the Na+ gradient that was established by the primary transport

A

secondary transport

38
Q

define secondary transport

A

indirect input of energy

39
Q

is simple diffusion carrer mediated?

A

NO

40
Q

In what direction will the solutes move?

A

from gradient A to B

41
Q

Movement of solute depends on several factors, what are they?

A
  • concentration gradient: larger difference = more movement (driving force)
  • partition coefficient (based on the lipid solubility gradient) Greater lipid solubility the more movement
  • Diffusion coefficient (based on the size of solute and viscosity of solution). small solutes move through viscious solution easier
  • Thickness of membrane
  • Surface area (greater surface area = higher diffusion rate)
42
Q

Diffusion of a +charged ion will (slow down /speed up) when diffusing into an area of positive charge

A

slow down

43
Q

T/F : A diffusion gradient can be created when a charged solute diffuses down its concentration gradient

A

true

44
Q

what type of diffusion uses a carier protein and requires no input of energy

A

Faciliated diffusion

45
Q

In faciliated diffusion what will cause the process to proceed faster at relatively low solute concentrations

A

limited number of carriers

  • Solute binding to carriers are at max capacity it will level off at saturation. Then, simple diffusion will keep going as long as there is a concentration gradient
46
Q

What transport is in the skeletal and adipose tissue and responsible for moving glucose into the cell
- D-galactose also competes for binding

A

GLUT4

47
Q

_______ of transport increase at a higher rate at lower solute concentration

A

rate

48
Q

Define saturation and its affect on carrier-mediated transport

A

Carrier proteins have limited number of binding sites for solutes

49
Q

define stereospecificity and its affect on carrier-mediated transport

A

binding sites for solutes on carrier proteins are specific
- transport D-glucose wont transport L-glucose

50
Q

define competition and its affect on carrier-mediated transport

A

Although binding sites are specific, carriers may recognize and bind chemically-related solutes

51
Q

What happens at section 1
- Carried-mediated transport

A

More concentration and saturation is filled = transport levels off

52
Q

What happens at section 2
- Carrier-mediated transport

A

Low concentration of solute = the transport rate is very fast

53
Q

What happens at section 3
- Simple diffusion

A

gradient available = keeps going

54
Q

One of more solute moved against a concentration gradient directly uses energy

A

Primary Active Transport

55
Q

What transport is defined:

  • Present in membranes of all cells
A

Na+ / K+ ATPase pump

56
Q

With the Na+/K+ ATPase pump _________ Na+ are pumped to the ECF and ________ K+ are pumped into the ICF - creating a charge separation and potential difference

A

3 Na+

2 K+

57
Q

what transporter does cardiac glycosides inhibit

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

58
Q

What transport would be used:

plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA)
- found on plasma membranes

Sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)
- found on the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic cells

A

role of Ca2+ ATPase pump

59
Q

What transport is important in the Parietal cells of gastric mucosa and pumps H+ into the lumen of the stomach

A

H+/K+ ATPase pump

60
Q

What transporter indirectly uses energy by utilizing the Na+ gradient to transport solutes against their concentration gradient

A

Secondary active transport

61
Q

Define co-transport

A

AKA symport
- all solutes transported in the same direction

EX: SGLT 1 moving Na+ and glucose into the cell

62
Q

Define counter-transport

A

AKA antiport
- solutes move in opposite direction
- Na+ moved into the cell and other substances move out of the cell

63
Q

what is Ca2+/Na+ exchange used for

A

Na+ moves into the cell and Ca2+ moves out of the cell

64
Q

What is Na+/H+ exchange used for

A

Na+ moves into the cell and H+ moves out of the cell

2024 Vet physiology (76 decks)

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