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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 1: Lecture 4: Synaptic and Neuromuscular Transmission > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 4: Synaptic and Neuromuscular Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What are neuron structural types classified by?

A

Number of process that extend from the cell body

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2
Q

Define multicellular neuron structures

A
  • 3 or more process extending from the cell body
  • major type in the CNS and efferent PSNS
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3
Q

What neuron structure type is below

A

Multicellular structural

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4
Q

What neuron structure is below

A

Bipolar

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5
Q

Define bipolar neuron structures

A
  • two or more processes extending from the cell body in the opposite directions
  • In the retina and olfactory system
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6
Q

What type of neuron structure is below

A

Unipolar

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7
Q

Define Unipolar neuron structures

A
  • Single processes from cell body and branches into two or more in opposite directions
  • Peripheral: sensory perception
  • Central: towards the CNS
  • Afferent PSNS
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8
Q

How does eletrical synapses occur

A

Current flows between cells via gap junctions

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9
Q

Which type of synapse is faster, electrical or chemical

A

Electrical

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10
Q

How do chemical synapses travel

A

Occur at gap between pre synaptic and post synaptic cells - synaptic cleft

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11
Q

In a chemical synapse the AP in presynaptic cell causes what channels to open

A

Voltage gated calcium channels

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12
Q

During a chemical synapse after the voltage gated calcium channel is opened what causes release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminal

A

Ca2+ influx

  • calcium rushes into the cell
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13
Q

During a chemical synapse after Ca2+ influx causes release of neutrotranmitter from the presynatic cell, where does the neurotransmitter bind on the post synaptic cell?

  • What occurs during this process?
A

Neurotransmitter binds to ligand - gated Na+ channel

Leads to depolarization

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14
Q

what type of synapse is defined?

  • neuromuscular junction
  • single AP in motor neuron causes single AP in muscle fibers
A

One - to - one

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15
Q

what type of synapse is defined?

  • found in motor neurons of the spinal cord
  • single AP motor neuron causes many APs in post synpatic cells
A

One - to - many

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16
Q

what type of synapse is defined?

  • Many presynaptic cells converge on a postsynaptic cell
  • common
A

Many - to - one

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17
Q

what type of synapse is the most common?

A

many to one

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18
Q

Excitatory or Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?

  • pre-synaptic neuron depolarizes post-synaptic neuron
  • brings neurons’ membrane potential to the threshold
  • Opens Na and K channel
A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

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19
Q

Excitatory or Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?

  • Presynaptic neuron hyperpolarizes post synpatic neuron
  • membrane potential moves away from threshold
  • opens Cl channels
A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?

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20
Q

Excitatory or Inhibitory postsynaptic neurotransmitters?

  • Ach, NE, dopamine,
    glutamate, serotonin
A

Excitatory postsynaptic neurotransmitters?

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21
Q

Excitatory or Inhibitory postsynaptic neurotransmitters?

  • GABA, glycine
A

Inhibitory postsynaptic neurotransmitters?

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22
Q

define spatial summation

A

two or more inputs arrive at postsynaptic cells simultaneously

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23
Q

define temporal summation

A

Two inputs arrive at the postsynaptic cell in rapid succession

24
Q

define synaptic fatigue

A

Repeated stimulation yields a smaller-than-expected response

25
Q

what receptors are described?

  • ligand gated ion channels that usually open in response to binding of neurotransmitter
  • usually located along denderites or cell bodies and receive incoming information from other neurons
A

ionotropic receptors

26
Q

what channels open in response to binding of a neurotransmitter in ionotropic receptors

A

Ligand gated ion channels

27
Q

where are ionotropic receptors usually located and what is their purpose

A

located along dendrites and cells bodies

receiver information from other neurons

28
Q

Ca2+ is what type of messenger system

A

2nd messenger system that may or may not cause depolarization

29
Q

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

A

Glutamate

30
Q

what type of neurotransmitters does the following describe?

  • AMPA: allows for Na and K to cross the membrane but gradient that drives Na is the strongest one
  • NMDA: Depends on both glutamate binding and voltage. when around RMP Mg blocks binding site and movement of other ions. When glutamate binds and depolarization = Mg block is removed
A

Glutamate

31
Q

AMPA or NMDA?

allows for Na and K to cross the membrane but gradient that drives Na is the strongest one

A

AMPA

32
Q

AMPA or NMDA?

Depends on both glutamate binding and voltage. when around RMP Mg blocks binding site and movement of other ions. When glutamate binds and depolarization = Mg block is removed

A

NMDA

33
Q

What is the only neurotransmitter used at neuromuscular junction

A

Acetylcholine

34
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used by the autonomic nervous system

A

ACh

35
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the CNS and are chloride channels

A

Glycine and GABA

36
Q

Binding of these neurotransmitters cause inhibition, since increase in Cl permeability is inhibitory

A

GABA and Glycine

37
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with chloride

A

GAGAa

38
Q

What neurotransmitter is:
- located along dendrites or cell bodies
- Receive incoming information
- slower than ionotropic receptors

A

Metabolic receptors

39
Q

What receptor can metabolic receptors use that is activated when neurotransmitters bind to it?

A

they can use G-protein coupled receptors

G protein is activated when neutrotransmittres bind receptors

40
Q

______ _____ subunit binds GTP (bound to an alpha subunit) as a metabotropic receptor that uses G protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

G protein alpha

41
Q

Metabotropic receptors that use GPCR have what subunit that may activate an ion channel (K+ channel) to direct G protein gating

A

Beta gamma

42
Q

Metabotropic receptors that use GPCR have what subunit that may activate enzymes that promote second messenger synthesis

A

Alpha

43
Q

what neurotransmitter uses alpha or beta adrenergic receptors which activate G protein coupled receptors

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

44
Q

Norepinephrine (NE) uses what receptors coupled to a Stimulatory G protein to initiate cAMP secondary messenger system

A

Beta adrenergic

45
Q

Norepinephrine (NE) uses what receptors coupled to an inhibitory G protein to suppress the cAMP sysem

A

Alpha 2 adrenergic

46
Q

Norepinephrine (NE) uses what receptor coupled to G prtein (Gq) to activate phospholipase C second messenger system

A

Alpha 1 adrenergic

47
Q

Which neurotransmitter acts on post-synaptic sites in the CNS
- modulates cell excitability and synaptic transmission via second messenger pathways to activate G protein coupled receptors

A

Glutamate

48
Q

Which group(s) of glutamate decrease neuron excitability and activates phospholipase C pathway

A

group 1

49
Q

Which group(s) of glutamate suppress neuron excitability and inhibit adenyl cyclase pathway

A

Groups 2 and 3

50
Q

Which neurotransmitter is found in the CNS and autonomic division of peripheral nervous system

A

GABA

GABA b receptor

51
Q

which neurotrasnmitter acting via G proteins linked to potassium channels hyperpolarize the cell at the end of an action potential

A

GABA

52
Q

Biogenic amines / ACh / Amino acids / Neuropeptide?

  • NE - norepinephrine
  • Epi - Epinephrine
  • DA - dopamine
  • 5-HT - Serotonin
  • Histamine
A

Biogenic amines

53
Q

Biogenic amines / ACh / Amino acids / Neuropeptide?

  • Glutamate
  • glycine
  • gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
A

Amino Acids

54
Q

Where are neuropeptides synthesized and packaged

A

nerve cell body

(instead of the axon terminal)

55
Q

________ may act on presynaptic cell to alter the amount of neurotransmitter released and also may be co-secreted with neurotransmitters to alter the response of postsynaptic cells

A

Neuromodulators

56
Q

_______ are released from neurons into the blood

A

Neurohormones

57
Q

DIP and Substance P are what type of neuropeptides

A

Neuromodulators

2024 Vet physiology (28 decks)

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