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2024 Vet physiology > Exam 1: Lecture 12: Blood and other body fluids > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 12: Blood and other body fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the blood

A

Transport nutrients, gases, waste and hormones
Maintaining fluid balance
Regulate pH
Thermoregulation
Protection via WBC circulating

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2
Q

How much plasma makes up blood

A

55%

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3
Q

How much Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets) make up the total blood

A

Less than 1%

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4
Q

How much erythrocytes make up the total blood volume

A

45%

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5
Q

What is blood pH range

A

7.35 to 7.45

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6
Q

What is the average blood volume in animals

A

5.5 to 8%

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7
Q

What is the color of plasma

A

Colorless to yellow

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8
Q

What portion of blood is red in color depending on the degree of oxygen saturation

A

Hemoglobin

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9
Q

What is the proportion of cells to plasma and can range from 25-60% depending on species

A

Hematocrit

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10
Q

Where is granulocytes produced in the body?

A

Bone marrow

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11
Q

What are the types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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12
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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13
Q

Where are monocytes produced

A

Bone marrow

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14
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced

A

Lymph tissues
- lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, etc.

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15
Q

Which leukocyte is in the blood for 6-20 hours and constantly leaving to go into tissues for about 2-3 days and DO NOT return to the blood

A

Granulocytes

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16
Q

What type of leukocytes is in the blood for less than 24 hours and stay in the tissues for months.
- could be in tissues for months and can become fixed macrophages in the liver, bone, spleen and lymph nodes

A

Monocytes

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17
Q

What type of leukocyte recirculates constantly from blood to tissues to lymph and back to the blood

A

Lymphocytes

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18
Q

What animal(s) have more lymphocytes than neutrophils

A

Pig
Sheep
Cow
Goats

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19
Q

What animal(s) have more neutrophils than lymphocytes

A

Horses
Dogs
Cats

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20
Q

what leukocytes arrive at the inflamed site - phagocytize and engulf the foreign substance?

A

neutrophils

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21
Q

Azurophilic granules, other granules that prove hydrogen peroxide, and lactoferrin are from what leukocyte

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

what is lactoferrin

A

binds ferric iron to deprive phagocytized bacteria
- very mobile
- highly phagocytic
- number increase in acute infections

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23
Q

which leukocytes circulate and phagocytize bacteria, viruses, and antibody antogen complex

A

monocytes

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24
Q

Azurophilic granules are also known as ______

A

Lysosomes

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25
Q

When monocytes enter tissues and transform to macrophage what happens?

A

kills phagocytized microbes using acidic pH, enzymes and hydrogen peroxide

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26
Q

where are monocytes in the mononuclear phagocytic system

A

intravascular

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27
Q

where are macrophages in the mononuclear phagocytic system

A

extravascular

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28
Q

what are the mobile cells in the mononuclear phagocytic system

A

macrophages

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29
Q

what are fixed cells in the mononuclear phagocytic system

A

Kupffer cells (liver, spleen, and lymph node)

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30
Q

which Eosinophil granules contain to dampen and terminate inflammatory allergic reactions

A

histamines

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31
Q

Which leukocyte responds to parasites

A

Eosinophils

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32
Q

which leukocytes granules contain histamine, bradykinin, serotonin and lysosomal enzymes

A

Basophils

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33
Q

Basophils have receptors for what antibody

A

IgE

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34
Q

IgE antibody on Basophils are connected with what reaction

A

allergies

35
Q

When an antigen binds IgE on basophil the basophil ruptures on local vascular and tissue in response to what reaction?

A

allergic reactions

36
Q

In basophils what increases vascular permability and causes smooth muscle contraction

A

Histamine

37
Q

In basophils what promotes TH2 lymphocyte differentation and IgE production

A

IL 4
IL 3

38
Q

which leukocyte is large (immature) or small (mature) and classified as T or B cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells

A

Lymphocytes

39
Q

What are the 3 types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Memory T cells

40
Q

what is cell mediated imunity

A

forms large number of lymphocytes and destory antigens

41
Q

define cytotoxic T cells

A
  • Killer cells
  • T cell receptors bind specific antigens and release cytotoxic substances
  • attack transplanted organs
42
Q

define helper T cells

A
  • assist in activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells
43
Q

define Memory T cells

A
  • long lived
  • respond to same antigen when exposed in the future
44
Q

When are B cells called activated

A

after exposure to antigen

45
Q

What happens to B cells after activation

A

they proliferate and transform into plasma cells and memory cells

46
Q

define memory B cells

A
  • long lived
  • respond to same antigen when exposed in the future
47
Q

what are plasma cells in B cells

A

produce large quantities of antibodies to inactivate the antigen (dont attack directly) and becomes humoral immunity

48
Q

What is agglutination

A

antigens grouped together by antibody precipitating out

49
Q

define neutralization

A

cover toxic sites

50
Q

define lysis

A

Kills the problem and/or break them open

51
Q

how many heme groups can a hemoglobin bind

A

4 heme groups

52
Q

one heme group on hemoglobin can bind what atom that has 1 oxygen

A

iron

53
Q

1 molecule of globin is defined as a protein with ______ chains

A

4

54
Q

hemoglobin molecule in the muscle contain _______ which is compromised of one chain and one heme group

A

myoglobin

55
Q

where does erythropoiesis come from

A

bone marrow of adults

56
Q

what is the job of erythrocytes?

A

carry hemoglobin (which carriers oxygen)

57
Q

what is defined as:
- measured on CBC
- contain either polyribosomal or ribosomal and are retained after circulation
- numbers increase during rapid RBC production

A

reticulocytes

58
Q

Rubriblast = __________ = erythrocyte

A

reticuocytes

59
Q

Where is erythropoietin released when more oxygen is needed

A

kidneys

60
Q

where is Fibronectin released from and adhere to injured site

A

endothelial cells
platelets (thrombocytes)
procoagulants

61
Q

monolayer of platelets adheres and form _______ which are known as sticky projections

A

pseudopods

62
Q

platelet activation = collagen and thrombin bind receptor on platelets that activates intracellular messengers to releases Ca2+, overall releasing

A

Thromboxane A2

63
Q

Asprin blocks formation of this so that no release of granules occur

A

Thromboxane A2

64
Q

Platelet granules (alpha granule dense granules) is released in response to what?

A

TXA2

65
Q

what are some coagulation factors?

A

protein
calcium
ATP
ADP
serotonin

66
Q

when vascular damage, seperation of endothelial cells, collagen allow what to be exposed

A

basement membrane

67
Q

what is the primary platelet plug made from during platelet aggregation?

A

thrombin + fibrin

68
Q

what all is needed to convert prothrombin into thrombin

A

fibrinogen
fibronectin
von willebrand factor (vWF)
factor V

69
Q

when platelet membranes fuse, coagulation factors bind allowing the surface to react and form ?

A

thrombin and fibrin

70
Q

what happens when thrombin formation - fibrin formation (stabilizes platelet plug and now a clot)

A

clot formation

71
Q

what happens when serum is squeezed out to allow more blood flow to damaged area while repairs occur?

A

clot retraction

72
Q

what occurs via platelet contractile proteins, thrombosthenin, actin and myosin?

A

clot retraction

73
Q

what is defined as extension into surrounding blood and growth stops when blood flows fast enough to remove any thrombin generated (not needed)

A

clot growth

74
Q

what happens when plasmin degrades fibrin - fibrin degradation products

A

growth factors released by activated platelets

75
Q

growth factors are released by activated platelets until the entire clot is removed which occurs via what system?

A

MPS (mononuclear phagocytic system)

76
Q

define serum in plasma concentration

A

blood allowed to clot
coagulation factors removed

77
Q

define plasma in plasma concentration

A

coagulation prevented
coagulation factors are present

78
Q

what is known as medium of exchange between blood vessels and cells, containts 90% of water and proteins are albumin and globulins

A

plasma

79
Q

what are the albumin proteins used for in plasma concentration

A

most you will have in humans - most pressure comes from here

80
Q

what are the globulins proteins used for in plasma concentration

A

IgG, IgE, IgA, IgM, etc.

81
Q

what are the proteins in plasma concentration

A

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen

82
Q

what are the gasses in plasma concentration

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
nitrogen

83
Q

what are the lipids in plasma concentration

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
cholestrol

2024 Vet physiology (74 decks)

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