Tues Wk 5 Mixed 3 Flashcards
pt w parenteral nutrition at high risk for C__
annular panc due to poor migration of __ bud
surrounds distal __
presents w __ or acute/chronic panc
rotates behind __ in 7th wk
moves toward midline and should fuse w __ bud in 8th wk
Uncinate process and main panc duct of __ from ventral bud
panc tail, body, rest of head is __ bud
Pancreas is _ derived
pancreas __ is failed fusion of V/D buds
stanford type a is dissection anywhere in __ aorta
stanford type b involves __ area only
descending is typically near __
candidemia
ventral panc duodenum SBO duodenum dorsal whirschprung dorsal
foregut
divisum
ascending
descending
left subclavian artery
macrophages release __ to stimulate naive T cell to become TH1 subtype
TH1 then secretes IL__ and IFNG and lymphotoxin B
IL4 aids in __ differentiation
TH2 releases IL __/__/__/__
__ prodxn increases when O2 availability is low
severe anemia may lead to A__
confounders must be assc w __/__
MC nosocomial bloodstream infections are coag neg _, S__ and E and candida
Tx pt w virologic/histologic evidence of HepC w R/I
Ribavirin can also tx __
interferes w __ of genetic material
phosphorylated by __ kinase and binds U/C
causes hypermutation during ___ replication of RNA virus
directly inhibs HCV RNA __
inhibits __ dehydro to dec GTP
inhibits viral RNA G/M to prevent 5’ cap formation
enhances __ rather than Th2 response
IL12
2
TH2
4, 5, 10, 13
23BPG
acidosis
exposure, disease
staph, staph aureus, enterococci
ribavirin, interferon A RSV duplication adenosine RNA dep RNA polymerase polymerase IMP guanylyltransferase/methyltransferase TH1
Nephritic syndrome
PSGN due to antibodies against strep depositing in __
IF shows __ staining along GBM
see __ humps
IgA nephropathy due to __ of IgA complexes
see mesangial __ and IgA in mesangium
Alport syndrome has defective __ in BM
see __ appearance to GBM
MPGN has basement membrane __ w lobular, hypercellular mesangium
__ deposits
Unifrom, capillary wall thickening is __ (nephrotic)
see
spike/dome __ deposits
GBM
granular
subepithelial
deposition
hypercellularity
type 4 collagen
lamellated
splitting
subendothelial
MN
subepithelial
Agoraphobia is fear of __
Ciliary muscle attaches to lens via __ fibers
contraction reduces __ on fibers, resulting in spherical shape
PNS control comes from __ nucleus
inhibition by __ agent limits accomodation w blurring of vision
pupil sphincter also under PNS innervation by __, blockade leads to mydriasis
perform Pringle maneuver by ligating __ ligament of portal triad
if liver is still bleeding, __/__ is cause
arterial bleed is __
oral bioavailability is always __ than IV
Prions are normal in __ shape
resistant to protease as __ shape
public places
zonular tension EWN antimuscarinic EWN
hepatoduodenal
IVC/hepatic veins
pulsatile
less
cytoplasmic inclusions in oligodendrocytes seen in __
eunuchoid body habitus in Klinefelter due to __ def
also results in sparse __/__ hair
PNH due to mutated _ gene involved in GPI anchor protein
helps attach cell surface proteins like __ and __
abnorms lead to complement mediated __ w hemoglobinuria
may have T__ due to release of prothrombotic factors
P__
chronic hemolysis leads to __ deposition in kidney aka hemosiderinosis, which causes interstitial scarring/infarct
TRIAD: ___
nonreactive pupils following anoxic damage indicates upper __ damage
normal pupillary reflex takes light to midrain at __ received by pretectal nucleus
taken to __ nucleus and pregang PNS of CN3
this goes to __ ganglion and postgang fibers of sphincter pupillae to contrict eye w light
PML
testosterone
facial/body
PIGA CD55 and CD59 hemolysis thrombrosis pancytopenia iron thrombosis, hemoglobinuria, pancytopenia
midbrain
superior colliculus
EW
ciliary
pons has __ gaze center for oculocephalic reflex
bilateral damage has __ pupils w descending SNS fiber damage
bilateral damage to __ results in KluberBucy syndrome
TG in adipose tissue become FFA/glycerol via __
liver phosphorylates glycerol to __ by glycerol kinase, which is converted to DHAP via G3P __
stimulates __
HSM and ulcerated lesion on tongue indicates disseminated __
new viral surface protein is all that is necessary to infect new __
phenotype mixing has progeny w unchaged __ genome and nucleocapsid proteins from other strain
thus, progeny __ to old type and cannot infect different cells
RPF= __*(1-Hct)
this takes __ out of volume for renal flow
horizontal
pinpoint
amygdala
HSL
glycerol 3 phosphate
dehydrogenase
gluconeogenesis
histoplasmosis
host cell
parental
reverts
RBF
RBC
pyruvate dehydro def means minimal \_\_ is produced excess \_\_ builds w met acidosis tx w \_\_ diet ketogenic AA include L/L Needs T, L, C, F, N as cofactors
ASD may lead to Laminated __ hypertrophy of PA
leads to __ syndrome over time and must be corrected
Posteroinferior wall of LV supplied by \_\_ artery SA node receives blood from \_\_ LAD supplies IV septum and \_\_ wall of LV ST elevation of V1-V2 is \_\_ area ST elevation of V3-V4 is \_\_ wall area LCX supplies \_\_ wall of LV leads V5-V6, and \_\_/\_\_ elevated subendocardial ischemia has ST \_\_ while transmural is elevation
acetyl coa lactate ketogenic lysine, leucine thiamine, lipoate, COA, FAD, NAD
medial
Eisenmenger
RCA RCA anterior septal anterior LV lateral 1, avL depression
congenital hydrocephalus due to impaired __
sx are M w bulging fontanelle, poor feeding and spasticity/hyper_, maybe developmental delay/seizure
due to __ injury by stretching pyramidal periventricular tracts
tx w __
PAH has intimal __ and fibosis w medial hypertrophy and capillary tufts
death due to __ failure and circ collapse
drainage
macrocephaly, toniticity
UMN
shunt
hypertrophy
RHF
ADH acts at __ receptor for VC
acts at __ to stop water excretion
highest osmolarity occrs in __ interstitium
as water is reabsorbed, __ conc inc and is absorbed in medullary collecting duct to inc water __capacity
ADH inc water absorption at __ collecting duct to prevent excess H2O from diluting osmotic gradient
PNS innervaton of M3 (Gq) receptor promotes __ sec at smell/sight of food
alpha 2 effect on insulin sec dominates, thus __ stimulation dec insulin release
B2 receptors and GLP act on __ type receptor to inc insulin
Alpha 2/somatostatin 2 act via __ receptor to inhibit insulin release
hypercalciuria is risk for __
thus, prevent w __ diuretic
BL Na/Ca exchanger pumps __ in cell for Ca
thus Ca is __ across apical membrane
also Na/H2O is reabsorbed in PCT w inc __ transport of Ca
V1 V2 medullary urea absorbing cortical
insulin
SNS
Gs
Gi
nephrolithiasis Thiazide Na reabsorbed paracellular
Acetazolamide worsens hypercalciuria by releasing __ from bone
transcellular absorption of Ca in Thick Ascending LoH is blocked by __ diuretic
A__ is ENaC inhib that may inc Ca reabsorption
interferon A/B bind to __ receptors on infected/neighboring cels
trxn of antivral enzymes that stop __ such as RNAse L an endonuclease and protein kinase R to inactivate EF2
only active w __ thus normal cell protein synth can still occur
also upreg __ expression to stimulate CD8/NK cell promoting apoptosis
Fever seizure due to circulating __
hypothalamic set point is __
mx w A/I to inhibit PGE2 that sets hypothalamic set point
Heat stroke due to heat prodxn exceeding __
can lead to end organ __
mx w rapid __
CaPhos
loop
amiloride
type 1 interferon
protein synthesis
ds RNA
MHC class 1
cytolines
higher
acetominphn, ibuprofen
dissipation
damage
cooling
cystitis due to impaired __ mucosa allowing attachment, impaired urea content dec __ nature of urine, and poor urine __ to wash bacteria away
pyelonephritis needs __ for infection to occur
bladder ca is __ carcinoma
can be S/P mass
pt w learning disorder will have anx, inattention, hyperactivity when in __
only occurs in __ setting
after ovulation, granulosa/theca cells lutenize to form __ and secrete P
fatigue, pruritis, HM and inc ALP suggest __
see deposition of __ in hepatic parenchyma
can be intrahepatic due to D, P/P or pregnancy
extraheptic due to C/M
may lead to __ of fats/FSV
bladder
bacteriocidal, flow
vesicoureteral reflux
urothelial
sessile/pedunculated
stress
1
corpus luteum
cholestasis bile acids drugs, PBC/PSC choledocholithiasis, malignancy malabsorption
MS hase perivenular __ infiltrates w T cells/macros against myelin
can see macros w __ debris
over time, leads to __ w hypertrophy/hyperplasia of astroctes
pathognomonic focal __
inflam
myelin
glial scar
demyelination
