Wed Wk 5 Mixed 4 Flashcards

1
Q

fetal renal pelvis has high __ and can accomodate large amnts of urine
leads to potential hydronephrosis at __ due to kinking
this is last portin of __ to canalize
newborn may have palpable __ mass and enlarged kidney

mcc of bilateral hydonephrosis in boys in __
nonobstructive hydronephrosis may be due to __ reflux

opioid overdose leads M, B, H and dec bowel sounds

GAD is __ worry about multiple issues
may be R and I
difficult __ and fatigue, muscle tension, sleep probs

A

compliance
Ureteropelvic jxn
ureter
ab

posterior urethral valves
Vesicoureteral

miosis, bradycardia, hypoTN

excessive
restless, irritable
concentration

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2
Q
Dobutamine acts on _/_ receptors
inc \_\_/\_\_
Dopamine acts on \_\_/_/_ receptors
inc renal/mesenteric blood flow, inc CO/HR and SBP that is counteracted at high doses by \_\_ of A1 receptors
Epi acts on _=_/_ receptors
inc \_\_/\_\_ via B1
low doses promote dec BP, high doses \_\_ BP
NE acts on _=_/_ receptors

E__ is Ache inhib
P__ is alpha 1 agonist

cyanide binds to __ Fe3+ iron to inhibit cytochrome c oxidase
sx include __ skin w tachpynea, HA, NV, severe LA
narrows __ pO2 gradient as no O2 delivered to tissues
tx w inhaled __ to form Ferric iron/methemoglobin
high __ for cyanide limits the toxic effect
also __ and sodium __ are antidotes

A
B1/B2
HR/CO
D1/B1/A1
vasoconstriction
B1, B2/A1
HR/CO
increase
B1=A1, B2

edrophonium
phenylephrine

ferric
red
venous-arterial
amyl nitrate
affinity
Hydroxycobalamin, thiosulfate
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3
Q

myoglobin has single __ group, thus O2 dissociation curve is hyperbolic
very similar to __ globin chain, w similar curve shape

CF mutation causes protein __ and degredation
tx w L/I to enhance protein fxn

__ is abnormal synchronous discharge of neurons in cerebral cortex
__ partial seizure has lost conciousness w automtism
often have preceding __

Age related MD can be __ w gradual vision loss w difficulty reading/driving
due to __ dmage to renital epithelium w abnormal ECM formation
see __ deposits on exam
or __ AMD w retinal hypoxia
releases __ to cause neovasc and leaky vessels
vision loss is __ w metomorphopsia
exam shows __/__ discoloration w hemorrhage
tx w vitamins __ cessation and anti-VEGF R/B

A

Hb
single

misfolding
Lumacaftor, ivacaftor

seizure
complex
aura

Dry
oxidative
drusen
wet
VEGF
acute
gray/green
smoking
ranibizumab, bevacuzimab
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4
Q

_ cystitis has urinary freq, urgency, pelvic pain and ulceration
see __ infiltrates and fibrosis

spotty necrosis w balloon degen and monocyte infiltration is ALWAYS __

Trachea to bronchi to proximal bronchioles to __ bronchioles and RESP bronchioles
ciliated epithelium is present to proximal __
lined w __ cells to secrete surfactant containing fluid
thus, pathogens can be trapped in __ and swept toward pharynx

mucus glands are in __ but not bronchioles

think __ thrombosis w chronic panc, panc cancer, ab tumors
inc pressure in __ veins from blood cot causes GASTRIC varices in fundus

A

interstitial
inflammatory

terminal
resp bronchioles (cuboidal)
club
mucus

bronchi

splenic vein
short gastric

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5
Q

__ vein drains blood from esophagus to SVC
varices of left gastric vein seen w both __/__ varices
use __/__ for GFR as neither are sec/reabsorbed
use __ for RPF as it is completely excreted/secreted
Clearance is __ x flow rate over plasma conc

__ converts TG into chylomicrons/VLDL to release FFA
Fibrates inc __ and dec hepatic VLDL prodxn w inc LPL activity
this inc __ w dec TG
Omega 3 FA also dec __ prodxn and inhibit apoB incorporation

__ classic sx is difficulty w muscle relaxation
Inherited AD w __ repeat of myotonia protein kinase
also see C/B/__ atrophy
type __ muscle fibers more affected

A

azygous
gastric/esophageal

Inulin/creatinine
PAH
urine conc

Lipoprotein lipase
PPARa
HDL
VLDL

myotonic dystrophy
CTG
cataract, gonadal, frontal balding
1

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6
Q

cocci is found as __ in nature
spherules w __ in human
culture on __ agar
yeast w thick, double refractory wall is _
intranuclear inclusion w clear halo is always __

estrogen releases __ by OB and dec RANKL
also prevents OB/osteocyte apoptosis via signal related __

__ is cell w 2lobed nuclei and eosinophilic granules
contains __ to kill helminth
_ contain dark blue granules that obscure nucleus
contain H/H and SRSA

__ cells kill virally infected cells

A
mold
ENDOSPORES
sabourad
blasto
CMV

OPG
kinases

eosinophil
MBP
Basophil
heparin, histamine

NK cells

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7
Q

cholesterol removed via __ into bile and conversion to bile acids
Cholesterol becomes BA via __ RLS enzyme
water insoluble, so must be bound to a__ BA (w glycine/taurine) and phosphatidyl choline
if more _ than other 2, stones form

Lithium tox from __ depletion or T__, NSAIDs, __ inhibs and T/M
SE include __ and neuro
chronic tox leads to A w tremors/fasciculations

heart palps/head bounding due to __ LV contractions
due to wide __ of AR

unpasteurized milk may also cause __

A

excretion
7A hydroxylase
amphipathic
cholesterol

volume
thiazide, ACE, tetraycline, metro
GI
ataxia

forceful
pulse pressure

HUS

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8
Q

lithium antagonizes __ in collecting tubules, thus leading to NDI

Osmotic diuretics work on __/__ LoH

Myeloperoxidase converts _ to HOCl

Eczematous dermatitis w longstanding topical GC use dec __/__ prodxn
leads to dermal __ w drying/cracking/tightening of skin
may have S and T

Korsakoff psychosis seen w __/__ amnesia, apathy, and C
mammillary body in __ circuit part of limbic system in memory/emotion
may also damage __ in hippocampus

A

ADH

PCT, descending limb

H2O2

Collagen/GAG
atrophy
striae, telangectasias

anterograde/retrograde, confabulation
Papez
fornix

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9
Q

DIVERTICULOSIS HAS __ diverticula
due to high __ causing M/S to herniate through area of weakness
hematochezia due to disrupted __ adjacent

TRACTION DIVERTICULA DUE TO __ and scarring w pulling of all gut wall layers
it is a __ diverticula, seen w mediastinal LAD due to Tb/fungus

VE deficiency predisposes cell membranes to __ injury
neurons w long __ (large SA) and RBC are most affected
thus, look for __ column and __ tract involvement and hemolytic anemia

if social/occupational fxn is not impaired, no __ disorder is present

vitamin C needed for __ of proline/lysine

A

PULSION
pressure
arterioles

inflammation
true

oxidative
axons
dorsal, spinocerebellar

psych

hydroxylation

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10
Q

hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications, chorioretinitis seen in congenital __
Chorioretinitis is inflamm of choroids/retina w scars on __
also S and altered muscle tone
only occurs if mother infected in first __m of preg
Infection w __ occurs during delivery

temporary __ in neonate retina upregulates VEGF upon return to room air
leads to neovasc and possible retinal __
retinopathy of prematurity or Retrolental __

T__ is B agonist that delays labor
risk of neonatal __ and hypoGly/Ca and ileus

NOD2 mutation assc w __ dx
encodes microbial __ that recognizes bacteria and activates NfKB
thus, bacteria evade and penetrate w exaggerated response by __ IS and chronic GI inflam

A
toxo
retina
seizure
6
HSV

oxygenation
detachment
fibroplasia

terbutaline
IVH

Chron disease
receptor
adaptive

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11
Q

MCC of Spinal stenosis is __ arthritis
loss of disc height places __ load and hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum

also see __ formation of facet joint

A

degenerative
posterior

osteophyte

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