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Respiratory Dysfunction Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath, 500 mL

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2
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration, 1200 mL

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3
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration, 3000 mL

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4
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume, (ERV)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration, 1100 mL

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5
Q

What is vital capacity

A

amount of air that can be exhaled from the point of maximal inspiration, 4600 mL

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6
Q

What is the formula for vital capacity?

A

IRV + TV + ERV

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7
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity

A

The amount of air a person can breathe in beginning at the normal expiratory level, 3500/3600 mL

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8
Q

What is the formula for inspiratory capacity

A

TV + IRV

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9
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

sum of all volumes in the lungs, 5800/6000 mL

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10
Q

What is the ratio for ventilation-perfusion?

A

V/Q

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11
Q

What is a low VQ

A

Shunting= decreased ventilation, normal perfusion

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12
Q

What is a high VQ

A

Dead air= normal ventilation, decreased perfusion

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13
Q

What are the mechanics of breathing?

A

Rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) stimulates medulla oblongata, efferent nerve impulses to diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract.

Negative pressure in lungs which allows air to enter airways and alveoli. The lungs fill until the stretch receptors in bronchioles and bronchi send afferent nerve impulses to medulla.

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14
Q

What would happen if the impulses are turned off?

A

It allows the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to relax, which pushes air out of the alveoli and airways

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15
Q

What are mechanisms of defense?

A 
Constant temperature,
Nasal hairs & turbinates,
Mucous,
Macrophages,
Receptors
(Irritant
Stretch
J )
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16
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation

A

Pulmonary ventilation is the total exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs.
Alveolar ventilation is the transfer of gases within the gas exchange portion of the lungs

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17
Q

What is surfactant

A

surface tension-lowering molecules that line the inner surface of the alveoli

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18
Q

What two types of sensors or receptors are involved in automatic regulation of breathing

A

Chemoreceptors and

Lung and chest wall receptors

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19
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH, adjust ventilation to meet the changing metabolic needs of the body.

Input –> sensors transmit to the respiratory center —> ventilation adjusts to maintain ABG within normal range

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20
Q

What do lung and chest wall receptors do?

A

They monitor the status of breathing in terms of airway resistance and lung expansion

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21
Q

What voluntary acts are examples of voluntary regulation of ventilation?

A

Speaking, blowing, singing

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22
Q

When acts such as speaking, blowing, and singing are initiated by the motor and premotor cortex, what happens?

A

It causes a temporary suspension of automatic breathing

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23
Q

What is the most common reason for HC visits/ admissions?

A

Respiratory Tract Infections

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24
Q

What resp tract infections are the 8th leading cause of death in US

Study These Flashcards
A

Pneumonia and influenza

25
What is one of the deadliest disease in the world?
Tuberculosis
26
What is a significant act that can result in respiratory dysfunction and CA
Cigarette smoking
27
What is pneumonia?
Infection of lower respiratory tract
28
What is the etiology of pneumonia
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites
29
Pneumonia is the nth leading cause of death in US
8th leading cause
30
What are the risk factors of pneumonia
old age, immunocompromise, alcoholism, LOC, smoking, immobility, endotracheal intubation
31
What are the routes of infection
Aspiration: aspirate small amounts of organisms that colonized upper airways, inhalation
32
What are the lines of defenses for pneumonia
Cough reflex: protect against aspiration into tracheobronchial tree Mucociliary blanket: remove secretions, microorganisms, particles from respiratory tract Alveolar macrophages: removes microorganisms and foreign particles from the lung Immune defenses (IgA & IgG/ cell mediated immunity): destroy microorganisms
33
Pneumonia is an example of what type of VQ
Low VQ because shunting= decreased ventilation but normal perfusion
34
What are manifestations of bacterial pneumonia
``` Fever, Rust-colored/ blood-tinged sputum, Productive cough, pleuritic chest pain, chills, crackles ```
35
What are manifestations of viral pneumonias
Usu mild and self-limiting, fever, nonproductive cough, crackles, wheezing
36
How is tuberculosis spread
airborne infection, spread by droplet nuclei
37
What is the primary cell infected with M. tuberculosis
Macrophages
38
What is the pathogenesis of TB
Macrophages unable to kill organisms so they initiate a cell-mediated immune response that contains the infection, the bacilli multiplies but the infected macrophages degrade them then present antigens to helper T cells. The sensitized helper T cells stimulate macrophages to increase their concentration of lytic enzymes --> boosting ability to kill bacilli. When released, lytic enzymes damage lung tissue.
39
Why does it take 3 to 6 weeks to become effective?
Development of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages ingest and destroy the bacilli = cell mediated immune response
40
The cell mediated immune response results in what
development of gray-white circumscribed granulomatous lesion called Ghon focus
41
What does the Ghon focus contain
Macrophages, T cells, Inactive TB bacteria (tubercle bacilli)
42
Where is Ghon focus mainly located?
Subpleural area in the upper areas of lower lobes or in the lower are a of the upper lobe
43
What happens when the number of organisms increase?
hypersensitivity reaction causes central portion of Ghon focus to become necrotic --> creating a soft, white cheese core of dead cells
44
What also happens at the same time that the Ghon focus becomes necrotic
tubercle bacilli drain in the lymph channels to tracheobronchial lymph nodes of affected lung and cause granulomas
45
What happens to the Ghon complex (lung lesion and lymph granuloma)
Heal, shrink, scar, visible in xrays
46
What are the risk factors for TB
malnutrition, old age, immunocompromised, persons in homeless shelters/ crowded and confined conditions
47
What percentage of people who inhale the organism actually develop TB
~5%
48
What are the manifestations of active TB
chronic cough with blood tinged sputum, night sweats and fever, unexplained weight loss
49
What is the diagnosis of active TB
X-rays, isolation, antibiotics, and resistance
50
What are the manifestations of latent TB
Asymptomatic TB test Cannot transmit disease Can turn active tho
51
What is secondary TB
reinfected or suppressed immune response causes latent TB to reactivate
52
What creates cavities in secondary TB?
Immediate cell-mediated response walls off infection in airways but bacteria damages tissues in the airways
53
What are manifestations of secondary TB
Low-grade fevers, ] Easy fatigability, Anorexia, Night sweats, and Weight loss
54
What is consumption in secondary TB
Eventually fatal if untreated
55
What is the diagnosis of active pulmonary TB
cultures, DNA amplification techniques, | chest radiographs
56
What is the diagnosis of secondary TB
CT scan
57
What are the newest diagnostic tests for TB
In vitro assays of CD4+ T cell interferon gamma | Genotyping
58
Whats the gold standard for diagnosis of TB
Sputum sample (spit) with symptoms like coughing
59
Why are tests not designed to show what type is present
they test for exposure not dormancy

Pathophysiology (91 decks)

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