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Pathophysiology > cellular response and neoplasia > Flashcards

cellular response and neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is causes atrophy

A 
disuse 
ischemia
immobility
malnutrition 
nerve issues
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2
Q

Who are some people who might experience atrophy

A

people with spinal damage

post menopausal women with loss estrogen- causes their reproductive organs to shrink

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3
Q

Is hypertrophy of heart muscle good for it

A

no

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4
Q

What is metaplasia

A

the substitution of cells who are better fit for an environment

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5
Q

What is an example of metaplasia in the body

A

someones columnar cells in the respiratory tract might get replaced with squamous in response to chronic irritation

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6
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

increased rate of reproduction in normal cells of a tissue or organ

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7
Q

What are some examples of hyperplasia

A

normal stressors: increased breast size during pregnancy
abnormal stressors: growth of adrenal glands due to production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a pituitary adenoma, and proliferation of endometrium due to prolonged estrogen stimulus.

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8
Q

What is dysplasia

A

presence of abnormal cells in a tissue

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9
Q

What are some examples of biological agents that can harm cells

A

bacteria, virus, parasite

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10
Q

What are some nutritional agents that can harm cells

A

High saturated fat diet

Starvation

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11
Q

What are the factors that Affect Wound Healing and give an example

A

Nutritional status-
Blood flow & O2 delivery- cells need O2 and they need to be able to get rid of waste, diabetes
Impaired Immune &Inflammation responses- diabetes, HIV, high cortisol levels
Infection
Wound separation
Foreign bodies- falling off a bike onto gravel, some rocks or something might get in the wound and delay healing because the body then has to remove it

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12
Q

What is primary intention healing

A

fast

small shallow wounds

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13
Q

What is secondary intention healing

A

slower

deep wounds like ulcers where the edges are separated or the wound has to repair from the bottom up

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14
Q

What are the phases of healing

A

inflammation
proliferation
remodeling- to regain function

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15
Q

What are the types of dysfunctional healing

A

adhesions
keloids
Dehiscence vs. evisceration

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16
Q

What are adhesions

A

usually happens after abdominal surgery or laparoscopic work
they are abnoramal connections (adhesions) between underlying tissue

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17
Q

What are keloids

A

extra scar tissue that forms on top of the cutaneous tissue that keeps building
commonly found in African Americans and Hispanics

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18
Q

What is dehiscence

A

usually due to too much pressure (causing a wound to open up)
usually happens after surgery
example: an abdominal wound opening up (its dehising) caused by maybe intense coughing or obesity

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19
Q

What is evisceration

A

it means something coming out of the body

happens usually after a traumatic experience, like a laceration to the abdomin

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20
Q

What is the bodies normal temp

A

97-99.5F

36-37.5C

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21
Q

Where is temp checked

A

orally
tympanically (ears)
rectally

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22
Q

Where do we check for temp in kiddos

A

under the arm

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23
Q

Increases in temp after a surgery or injury, within the first 24 hours is most likely due to

A

inflammation and healing

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24
Q

How long do you usually wait to diagnose an infection based on the bodies temp

A

after 24 hours usually starting at 36 hrs

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25
Q

How does fever start after tissue damage or infection

A

prostaglandins are produced by inflammatory cells, which send the prostags as an afferent message to the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center, which sends efferent signals back down to make the body respond to the increased heat

26
Q

How does tylenol and ibuproferen reduce fever

A

it interferes with the enzyme that make prostaglandins therefore stopping that signal from reaching the hypothalamus

27
Q

What is an example where stress is a good thing

A

escaping momma moose

28
Q

When is stress bad

A

when its chronic

29
Q

What did the ACE studies find

A

kids that grew up in stressful environments had compromised immunity and health later in life

30
Q

What are some examples of stressful environments in the ACE studies

A

incarcerated parents

alcohol abuse

31
Q

Where is cortisol released from

A

adrenal cortex

32
Q

Cortisol is released with what type of feedback mechenism

A

negative

33
Q

What pathway does cortisol use

A

H ypothalamus
P ituitary Gland
A drenal Gland

34
Q

What is the process of releasing cortisol

A

a stressor affects the body, causing the body to send a signal to the hypothalamus
the hypothalamus releases corticotrophic releasing hormone CRH to the pituitary gland
pituitary gland releases adrenal corticotrophic hormone ACTH to the adrenal gland
adrenal cortex releases cortisol

35
Q

What does cortisol do to the body

A

stimulates gluconeogenesis
surpresses T cell proliferation
inhibits histamine thus inhibiting inflammation
decreases Hormone production
decreases Metabolic rate and reproductive functions
decreases Bone formation
decreases Red and white blood cell production
increases the sympathetic systems effect on the heart

36
Q

When is epinephrine and norepinephrine needed

A

during emergencies

37
Q

What do epi and norepi do

A

they help the body alter is attention to essential functions for survival like heart rate, brain function and muscular function

38
Q

What are some areas that aren’t increased in by epi and norepi

A

blood flow to the skin, GI tract and kidneys

39
Q

What are the coping mechanisms that effect adaptation

A

Physiologic and anatomic reserve- refers to how much extra nutrients your cells store, and how you have two kidneys and lungs but can function with only one
Time- adaptation is the most efficient when its done over a long period of time rather than suddenly
Genetics- someone may have a predisposition to something and someone else doesn’t
Age- infants and elders have a decreased ability to adapt to stress due to either immaturity of systems or a decreased efficiency of systems
Gender- gender can effect your suseptability or resistance to health conditions
Health status- ill people are less able to adapt to stress
Nutrition- defficiencies and excesses
Sleep-wake cycle- sleep is important for proper function
Hardiness- how you react to stress affects how your body handles it (viewing a stressor as a threat vs a challenge)
Phychosocial factors- your environment play a role in your ability to handle stress

40
Q

What is the difference between a tumor and a neoplasm

A

tumors are swelling usually caused by trauma or inflammation

neoplasm indicate new growth, classified as benign or malignant

41
Q

What does carcinoma imply

A

grows in skin or tissue lining

42
Q

What does sarcoma imply

A

grows within connective tissues

43
Q

What does benign mean

A 
Well differentiated cells
Often encapsulated
Compress adjacent tissue
Slow growth rate
Not very vascular
DO NOT metastasize
Recurrence unusual
44
Q

What does malignant mean

A 
Poorly differentiated cells
Never encapsulated
Invade adjacent tissue
Rapid growth 
Moderately to highly vascular
Metastasize
Recurrence common
45
Q

What are the six characteristics of cancer cells

A 
Proliferate despite lack of growth-initiating signals
Insensitive to antigrowth signals
Evade apoptosis
Sustained angiogenesis
Immortality
Metastasize
46
Q

What are the two genetic mechanism of cancer, explain how they are related

A

Proto-oncogenes: they create proteins that help regulate proliferation, if they mutate into oncogenes. They then cause mutation given the right environment
Tumor-supressor genes: acts as a second backup against oncogenes.

47
Q

What are the causes of Cancer

A

Genetic and molecular mechanisms
External factors
Epigenetics- breaking down preservatives in food can turn on genes
Hormones- might change the bodies protective factor
obesity, Immunologic mechanisms, chemical carcinogens, radiation, viral & microbial agents.

48
Q

What are some examples of Carcinogens

A

Hepatitis B and C, herpes, Epstein Barr, human papilloma
Helicobacter pylori
Chronic inflammation- Cytokines, Growth factors (the more often you ask something to repair the greater the chance of an error occuring)

49
Q

How do the causes of cancer work

A

they change to mechanisms-environment of the body

50
Q

What are the substances produced by cancer cells that act as markers of cancer

A

α-fetoprotein (afp) – hepatic, germ cell cancer
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) – colon, liver, pancreatic, lung, breast cancers
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)- prostate
Cellular tumor antigen (P 53)

51
Q

Early Effects and Warning Signs of cancer

A 
Adult
C hange in bowel habits
A sore that doesn’t heal
U nusual bleeding or discharge
T hickening/lump in breast or elsewhere
I  ndigestion or difficulty swallowing
O bvious change in wart or mole
N agging cough or hoarseness

Children
C ontinued, unexplained weight loss
H eadaches with vomiting in the morning
I ncreased swelling or persistent bone or joint pain
L ump/mass in abdomen, neck or elsewhere
D evelopment of whitish appearance in pupil of eye
R ecurrent fever in absence of infection
E xcessive bleeding/bruising
N oticeable pallor or prolonged tiredness

52
Q

What are the four general effects of Cancer

A

Pain
Cachexia
Immunosuppression
Paraneoplastic syndromes

53
Q

Give examples of whats causing the pain caused by cancer

A

expanding tumors that put pressure on areas around it
obstuctions
inflammation

54
Q

Give examples of Cachexia

A

Altered taste perception → food less palatable
Feeling of abdominal fullness limits intake
Psychological reaction to diagnosis or treatment

55
Q

give examples of immunosuppression

A

Cancer cells secrete substances that suppress the immune system causing Leukopenia, Anemia
Thrombocytopenia

56
Q

Immunosuppression in cancer patients makes them more suseptable to what

A

infection

57
Q

When do you usually see paraneoplastic syndromes

A

right before cancer is diagnosed

58
Q

Why are paraneoplastic syndromes diagnosed so often

A

because the cancer cells are causing some type of hormone to be secreted or produced

59
Q

What are some examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Excess of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Excess of antidiuretic hormone
Excess of parathyroid hormone-related protein

60
Q

What are some other effects of cancer that patients experience

A

fatigue

anemia- not eating= not enough nutrients

Pathophysiology (91 decks)

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