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Pathophysiology > cellular response and neoplasia > Flashcards

cellular response and neoplasia Flashcards

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1
Q

What is causes atrophy

A 
disuse 
ischemia
immobility
malnutrition 
nerve issues
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2
Q

Who are some people who might experience atrophy

A

people with spinal damage

post menopausal women with loss estrogen- causes their reproductive organs to shrink

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3
Q

Is hypertrophy of heart muscle good for it

A

no

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4
Q

What is metaplasia

A

the substitution of cells who are better fit for an environment

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5
Q

What is an example of metaplasia in the body

A

someones columnar cells in the respiratory tract might get replaced with squamous in response to chronic irritation

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6
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

increased rate of reproduction in normal cells of a tissue or organ

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7
Q

What are some examples of hyperplasia

A

normal stressors: increased breast size during pregnancy
abnormal stressors: growth of adrenal glands due to production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a pituitary adenoma, and proliferation of endometrium due to prolonged estrogen stimulus.

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8
Q

What is dysplasia

A

presence of abnormal cells in a tissue

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9
Q

What are some examples of biological agents that can harm cells

A

bacteria, virus, parasite

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10
Q

What are some nutritional agents that can harm cells

A

High saturated fat diet

Starvation

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11
Q

What are the factors that Affect Wound Healing and give an example

A

Nutritional status-
Blood flow & O2 delivery- cells need O2 and they need to be able to get rid of waste, diabetes
Impaired Immune &Inflammation responses- diabetes, HIV, high cortisol levels
Infection
Wound separation
Foreign bodies- falling off a bike onto gravel, some rocks or something might get in the wound and delay healing because the body then has to remove it

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12
Q

What is primary intention healing

A

fast

small shallow wounds

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13
Q

What is secondary intention healing

A

slower

deep wounds like ulcers where the edges are separated or the wound has to repair from the bottom up

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14
Q

What are the phases of healing

A

inflammation
proliferation
remodeling- to regain function

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15
Q

What are the types of dysfunctional healing

A

adhesions
keloids
Dehiscence vs. evisceration

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16
Q

What are adhesions

A

usually happens after abdominal surgery or laparoscopic work
they are abnoramal connections (adhesions) between underlying tissue

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17
Q

What are keloids

A

extra scar tissue that forms on top of the cutaneous tissue that keeps building
commonly found in African Americans and Hispanics

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18
Q

What is dehiscence

A

usually due to too much pressure (causing a wound to open up)
usually happens after surgery
example: an abdominal wound opening up (its dehising) caused by maybe intense coughing or obesity

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19
Q

What is evisceration

A

it means something coming out of the body

happens usually after a traumatic experience, like a laceration to the abdomin

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20
Q

What is the bodies normal temp

A

97-99.5F

36-37.5C

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21
Q

Where is temp checked

A

orally
tympanically (ears)
rectally

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22
Q

Where do we check for temp in kiddos

A

under the arm

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23
Q

Increases in temp after a surgery or injury, within the first 24 hours is most likely due to

A

inflammation and healing

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24
Q

How long do you usually wait to diagnose an infection based on the bodies temp

A

after 24 hours usually starting at 36 hrs

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25
How does fever start after tissue damage or infection
prostaglandins are produced by inflammatory cells, which send the prostags as an afferent message to the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center, which sends efferent signals back down to make the body respond to the increased heat
26
How does tylenol and ibuproferen reduce fever
it interferes with the enzyme that make prostaglandins therefore stopping that signal from reaching the hypothalamus
27
What is an example where stress is a good thing
escaping momma moose
28
When is stress bad
when its chronic
29
What did the ACE studies find
kids that grew up in stressful environments had compromised immunity and health later in life
30
What are some examples of stressful environments in the ACE studies
incarcerated parents | alcohol abuse
31
Where is cortisol released from
adrenal cortex
32
Cortisol is released with what type of feedback mechenism
negative
33
What pathway does cortisol use
H ypothalamus P ituitary Gland A drenal Gland
34
What is the process of releasing cortisol
a stressor affects the body, causing the body to send a signal to the hypothalamus the hypothalamus releases corticotrophic releasing hormone CRH to the pituitary gland pituitary gland releases adrenal corticotrophic hormone ACTH to the adrenal gland adrenal cortex releases cortisol
35
What does cortisol do to the body
stimulates gluconeogenesis surpresses T cell proliferation inhibits histamine thus inhibiting inflammation decreases Hormone production decreases Metabolic rate and reproductive functions decreases Bone formation decreases Red and white blood cell production increases the sympathetic systems effect on the heart
36
When is epinephrine and norepinephrine needed
during emergencies
37
What do epi and norepi do
they help the body alter is attention to essential functions for survival like heart rate, brain function and muscular function
38
What are some areas that aren't increased in by epi and norepi
blood flow to the skin, GI tract and kidneys
39
What are the coping mechanisms that effect adaptation
Physiologic and anatomic reserve- refers to how much extra nutrients your cells store, and how you have two kidneys and lungs but can function with only one Time- adaptation is the most efficient when its done over a long period of time rather than suddenly Genetics- someone may have a predisposition to something and someone else doesn't Age- infants and elders have a decreased ability to adapt to stress due to either immaturity of systems or a decreased efficiency of systems Gender- gender can effect your suseptability or resistance to health conditions Health status- ill people are less able to adapt to stress Nutrition- defficiencies and excesses Sleep-wake cycle- sleep is important for proper function Hardiness- how you react to stress affects how your body handles it (viewing a stressor as a threat vs a challenge) Phychosocial factors- your environment play a role in your ability to handle stress
40
What is the difference between a tumor and a neoplasm
tumors are swelling usually caused by trauma or inflammation | neoplasm indicate new growth, classified as benign or malignant
41
What does carcinoma imply
grows in skin or tissue lining
42
What does sarcoma imply
grows within connective tissues
43
What does benign mean
``` Well differentiated cells Often encapsulated Compress adjacent tissue Slow growth rate Not very vascular DO NOT metastasize Recurrence unusual ```
44
What does malignant mean
``` Poorly differentiated cells Never encapsulated Invade adjacent tissue Rapid growth Moderately to highly vascular Metastasize Recurrence common ```
45
What are the six characteristics of cancer cells
``` Proliferate despite lack of growth-initiating signals Insensitive to antigrowth signals Evade apoptosis Sustained angiogenesis Immortality Metastasize ```
46
What are the two genetic mechanism of cancer, explain how they are related
Proto-oncogenes: they create proteins that help regulate proliferation, if they mutate into oncogenes. They then cause mutation given the right environment Tumor-supressor genes: acts as a second backup against oncogenes.
47
What are the causes of Cancer
Genetic and molecular mechanisms External factors Epigenetics- breaking down preservatives in food can turn on genes Hormones- might change the bodies protective factor obesity, Immunologic mechanisms, chemical carcinogens, radiation, viral & microbial agents.
48
What are some examples of Carcinogens
Hepatitis B and C, herpes, Epstein Barr, human papilloma Helicobacter pylori Chronic inflammation- Cytokines, Growth factors (the more often you ask something to repair the greater the chance of an error occuring)
49
How do the causes of cancer work
they change to mechanisms-environment of the body
50
What are the substances produced by cancer cells that act as markers of cancer
α-fetoprotein (afp) – hepatic, germ cell cancer Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) – colon, liver, pancreatic, lung, breast cancers Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)- prostate Cellular tumor antigen (P 53)
51
Early Effects and Warning Signs of cancer
``` Adult C hange in bowel habits A sore that doesn’t heal U nusual bleeding or discharge T hickening/lump in breast or elsewhere I ndigestion or difficulty swallowing O bvious change in wart or mole N agging cough or hoarseness ``` Children C ontinued, unexplained weight loss H eadaches with vomiting in the morning I ncreased swelling or persistent bone or joint pain L ump/mass in abdomen, neck or elsewhere D evelopment of whitish appearance in pupil of eye R ecurrent fever in absence of infection E xcessive bleeding/bruising N oticeable pallor or prolonged tiredness
52
What are the four general effects of Cancer
Pain Cachexia Immunosuppression Paraneoplastic syndromes
53
Give examples of whats causing the pain caused by cancer
expanding tumors that put pressure on areas around it obstuctions inflammation
54
Give examples of Cachexia
Altered taste perception → food less palatable Feeling of abdominal fullness limits intake Psychological reaction to diagnosis or treatment
55
give examples of immunosuppression
Cancer cells secrete substances that suppress the immune system causing Leukopenia, Anemia Thrombocytopenia
56
Immunosuppression in cancer patients makes them more suseptable to what
infection
57
When do you usually see paraneoplastic syndromes
right before cancer is diagnosed
58
Why are paraneoplastic syndromes diagnosed so often
because the cancer cells are causing some type of hormone to be secreted or produced
59
What are some examples of paraneoplastic syndromes
Excess of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Excess of antidiuretic hormone Excess of parathyroid hormone-related protein
60
What are some other effects of cancer that patients experience
fatigue | anemia- not eating= not enough nutrients

Pathophysiology (91 decks)

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