cellular response and neoplasia Flashcards
What is causes atrophy
disuse ischemia immobility malnutrition nerve issues
Who are some people who might experience atrophy
people with spinal damage
post menopausal women with loss estrogen- causes their reproductive organs to shrink
Is hypertrophy of heart muscle good for it
no
What is metaplasia
the substitution of cells who are better fit for an environment
What is an example of metaplasia in the body
someones columnar cells in the respiratory tract might get replaced with squamous in response to chronic irritation
What is hyperplasia
increased rate of reproduction in normal cells of a tissue or organ
What are some examples of hyperplasia
normal stressors: increased breast size during pregnancy
abnormal stressors: growth of adrenal glands due to production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a pituitary adenoma, and proliferation of endometrium due to prolonged estrogen stimulus.
What is dysplasia
presence of abnormal cells in a tissue
What are some examples of biological agents that can harm cells
bacteria, virus, parasite
What are some nutritional agents that can harm cells
High saturated fat diet
Starvation
What are the factors that Affect Wound Healing and give an example
Nutritional status-
Blood flow & O2 delivery- cells need O2 and they need to be able to get rid of waste, diabetes
Impaired Immune &Inflammation responses- diabetes, HIV, high cortisol levels
Infection
Wound separation
Foreign bodies- falling off a bike onto gravel, some rocks or something might get in the wound and delay healing because the body then has to remove it
What is primary intention healing
fast
small shallow wounds
What is secondary intention healing
slower
deep wounds like ulcers where the edges are separated or the wound has to repair from the bottom up
What are the phases of healing
inflammation
proliferation
remodeling- to regain function
What are the types of dysfunctional healing
adhesions
keloids
Dehiscence vs. evisceration
What are adhesions
usually happens after abdominal surgery or laparoscopic work
they are abnoramal connections (adhesions) between underlying tissue
What are keloids
extra scar tissue that forms on top of the cutaneous tissue that keeps building
commonly found in African Americans and Hispanics
What is dehiscence
usually due to too much pressure (causing a wound to open up)
usually happens after surgery
example: an abdominal wound opening up (its dehising) caused by maybe intense coughing or obesity
What is evisceration
it means something coming out of the body
happens usually after a traumatic experience, like a laceration to the abdomin
What is the bodies normal temp
97-99.5F
36-37.5C
Where is temp checked
orally
tympanically (ears)
rectally
Where do we check for temp in kiddos
under the arm
Increases in temp after a surgery or injury, within the first 24 hours is most likely due to
inflammation and healing
How long do you usually wait to diagnose an infection based on the bodies temp
after 24 hours usually starting at 36 hrs
How does fever start after tissue damage or infection
prostaglandins are produced by inflammatory cells, which send the prostags as an afferent message to the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center, which sends efferent signals back down to make the body respond to the increased heat
How does tylenol and ibuproferen reduce fever
it interferes with the enzyme that make prostaglandins therefore stopping that signal from reaching the hypothalamus
What is an example where stress is a good thing
escaping momma moose
When is stress bad
when its chronic
What did the ACE studies find
kids that grew up in stressful environments had compromised immunity and health later in life
What are some examples of stressful environments in the ACE studies
incarcerated parents
alcohol abuse
Where is cortisol released from
adrenal cortex
Cortisol is released with what type of feedback mechenism
negative
What pathway does cortisol use
H ypothalamus
P ituitary Gland
A drenal Gland
What is the process of releasing cortisol
a stressor affects the body, causing the body to send a signal to the hypothalamus
the hypothalamus releases corticotrophic releasing hormone CRH to the pituitary gland
pituitary gland releases adrenal corticotrophic hormone ACTH to the adrenal gland
adrenal cortex releases cortisol
What does cortisol do to the body
stimulates gluconeogenesis
surpresses T cell proliferation
inhibits histamine thus inhibiting inflammation
decreases Hormone production
decreases Metabolic rate and reproductive functions
decreases Bone formation
decreases Red and white blood cell production
increases the sympathetic systems effect on the heart
When is epinephrine and norepinephrine needed
during emergencies
What do epi and norepi do
they help the body alter is attention to essential functions for survival like heart rate, brain function and muscular function
What are some areas that aren’t increased in by epi and norepi
blood flow to the skin, GI tract and kidneys
What are the coping mechanisms that effect adaptation
Physiologic and anatomic reserve- refers to how much extra nutrients your cells store, and how you have two kidneys and lungs but can function with only one
Time- adaptation is the most efficient when its done over a long period of time rather than suddenly
Genetics- someone may have a predisposition to something and someone else doesn’t
Age- infants and elders have a decreased ability to adapt to stress due to either immaturity of systems or a decreased efficiency of systems
Gender- gender can effect your suseptability or resistance to health conditions
Health status- ill people are less able to adapt to stress
Nutrition- defficiencies and excesses
Sleep-wake cycle- sleep is important for proper function
Hardiness- how you react to stress affects how your body handles it (viewing a stressor as a threat vs a challenge)
Phychosocial factors- your environment play a role in your ability to handle stress
What is the difference between a tumor and a neoplasm
tumors are swelling usually caused by trauma or inflammation
neoplasm indicate new growth, classified as benign or malignant
What does carcinoma imply
grows in skin or tissue lining
What does sarcoma imply
grows within connective tissues
What does benign mean
Well differentiated cells Often encapsulated Compress adjacent tissue Slow growth rate Not very vascular DO NOT metastasize Recurrence unusual
What does malignant mean
Poorly differentiated cells Never encapsulated Invade adjacent tissue Rapid growth Moderately to highly vascular Metastasize Recurrence common
What are the six characteristics of cancer cells
Proliferate despite lack of growth-initiating signals Insensitive to antigrowth signals Evade apoptosis Sustained angiogenesis Immortality Metastasize
What are the two genetic mechanism of cancer, explain how they are related
Proto-oncogenes: they create proteins that help regulate proliferation, if they mutate into oncogenes. They then cause mutation given the right environment
Tumor-supressor genes: acts as a second backup against oncogenes.
What are the causes of Cancer
Genetic and molecular mechanisms
External factors
Epigenetics- breaking down preservatives in food can turn on genes
Hormones- might change the bodies protective factor
obesity, Immunologic mechanisms, chemical carcinogens, radiation, viral & microbial agents.
What are some examples of Carcinogens
Hepatitis B and C, herpes, Epstein Barr, human papilloma
Helicobacter pylori
Chronic inflammation- Cytokines, Growth factors (the more often you ask something to repair the greater the chance of an error occuring)
How do the causes of cancer work
they change to mechanisms-environment of the body
What are the substances produced by cancer cells that act as markers of cancer
α-fetoprotein (afp) – hepatic, germ cell cancer
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) – colon, liver, pancreatic, lung, breast cancers
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)- prostate
Cellular tumor antigen (P 53)
Early Effects and Warning Signs of cancer
Adult C hange in bowel habits A sore that doesn’t heal U nusual bleeding or discharge T hickening/lump in breast or elsewhere I ndigestion or difficulty swallowing O bvious change in wart or mole N agging cough or hoarseness
Children
C ontinued, unexplained weight loss
H eadaches with vomiting in the morning
I ncreased swelling or persistent bone or joint pain
L ump/mass in abdomen, neck or elsewhere
D evelopment of whitish appearance in pupil of eye
R ecurrent fever in absence of infection
E xcessive bleeding/bruising
N oticeable pallor or prolonged tiredness
What are the four general effects of Cancer
Pain
Cachexia
Immunosuppression
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Give examples of whats causing the pain caused by cancer
expanding tumors that put pressure on areas around it
obstuctions
inflammation
Give examples of Cachexia
Altered taste perception → food less palatable
Feeling of abdominal fullness limits intake
Psychological reaction to diagnosis or treatment
give examples of immunosuppression
Cancer cells secrete substances that suppress the immune system causing Leukopenia, Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Immunosuppression in cancer patients makes them more suseptable to what
infection
When do you usually see paraneoplastic syndromes
right before cancer is diagnosed
Why are paraneoplastic syndromes diagnosed so often
because the cancer cells are causing some type of hormone to be secreted or produced
What are some examples of paraneoplastic syndromes
Excess of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Excess of antidiuretic hormone
Excess of parathyroid hormone-related protein
What are some other effects of cancer that patients experience
fatigue
anemia- not eating= not enough nutrients
