Immunity and infection Flashcards
In the innate immune system what are the physical barriers
mucus skin saliva cilia coughing sneezing stomach acid
What is a white blood cell differential
check for leukocyte count
What does a left shift mean for a WBC differential
large amounts of neutrophils
Eosinophils are related to what two conditions
hay fever asthma
HIV attacks which cells
helper T
When your helper T’s are 250 microliters or less what happens
HIV turns to aids
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation
redness swelling heat pain function impariment
What complement protein are you born with
C3
What are the three ways the complement system gets activated called
Classical (slowest) Lectin Alternative (fastest)
Do all three complement pathways lead to the cleavage of C3 into C3b and a
yes
What does the classical pathway start with
the antibodies IgG or IgM
What does the alternative pathway start with
just C3
What does the lectin pathway start with
lectin binds with a sugar called mannose found on the surface of pathogens
Once the three complement pathways reach C3 what happens
C3 is cleaved into C3b and C3a
What is C3a’s purpose
to attract neutrophils According to the tutor, it also activates basophils and mast cells
What does C3b do
opsonizes the bacteria so phagocytes can recognize it or it acts as an enzyme for C5
What does C3 do to the C5
converts it into C5a & b C5a acts to stimulate the vascular phase of acute inflammation (where there brief vasoconstriction followed by rapid dialation and increased vascular permeability) C5b form together with C6,7,8,9 to form the membrane attack complex that pokes a hole in the microbe
What is the process of stimulating the adaptive immune response
after a phagocyte eats a microbe, it presents a piece of that microbe on its surface then presents that piece to a T cell the T cell then takes that antigen to a B cell who then differentiates into B plasma cells and memory cells the B plasma cells then mass produce antibodies
What is produced during the vascular phase of acute inflammation
histamine and nitric oxide
What are the effects of histamine and nitric oxide
vasodilation
Why is the decrease of blood flow caused by increased vascular permeability and vasodilation benefitial
enables clotting in the blood vessel helps localized infection
What type of protein increases during infection
C reactive proteins
What is a normal CRP level (C reactive proteins)
below 3 mg/L of blood
describe acute
rapid onset last between 2 weeks and 3 months