Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Pleural Effusion-Pneumothorax-Asthma > Flashcards

Pleural Effusion-Pneumothorax-Asthma Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pleural effusion

A

build up of fluid in the pleural cavity because the rate of fluid production exceed the rate of removal or it cant be removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different types of pleural effusion s

A

transudate or exudat e
purulent (pus)
sanguineous (bloody)
hydrothrorax (clear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of hydrothorax

A

congestive heart failure

renal and liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the causes of exudate pleural effusion

A

infection of pneumonia and pulmonary infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are exudate effusion characteristized

A

proteins or elevated levels of LDH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an infection that results in exudate effusio n

A

empyema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What characterizes empyema

A

pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes empyema

A

pneumonia

rupture of a lung abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is chylothorax

A

effusion of lymph when the lymph system can transport chyle from the throacic duct into central circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can cause chylothorax

A

congenital malformations of the thoracic duct or lymph channels
trauma
inflammation
complications from surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hemothorax

A

blood in the pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes hemothorax

A

trauma
surgery complications
vessel rupture like an aortic aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are plearual effusions usually treated

A

drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the manifestations of pleural effusions

A 
Cough 
Dypsea
dullness to percussion 
diminished breathing sounds 
pain
mediastinal shift
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is Pleural effusion diagnosed

A

ultrasonography

CT scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is pleural effusions treated

A

drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the manifestations of empyema

A

fever
tachycardia
Cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What a pneumothorax

A

air or gas in the pleural cavity that distorts the pressure, causign the lung to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two types of pneumothorax and explain

A

unexpected

injury of chest or major airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two types of spontaneous pneumothorax and explain them

A

primary- thought to be caused by a rupture of a bleb on the surface of the lung- risk factors are smoking and being tall and thin
secondary- occurs in people with lung disease like emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a traumatic pneumothorax

A

most common cause are dislocated or fractured ribs puncturing the pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax

A

pressure in the pleura exceeds atmospheric pressure causing mediastinal shifts, compression of the vena cava because of too much pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are tension pneumo’s more related to?

A

traumatic pneumo’s more than spontaneous ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the manifestations of pneumothorax

A

Sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, decreased breast sounds on affected side and dyspnea.

In tension pneumothorax: severe hypoxemia, tracheal deviation away for affected side, and hypotension (LBP) emergency situation

25
Q

How is pneumothorax treated

A

spontaneous one go away on their own

large and tension pneumothoraces require drainage by needle

26
Q

What is flail chest

A

caused by consecutive rib fractures that causes an unstable chest wall

27
Q

What are manifestations of flail chest

A 
uneven chest expansion (paradoxic movement)
Pain
Dyspnea
Hypoventilation
Hypoxemia.
28
Q

What causes flail chest

A

trauma to the chest

29
Q

How do you treat flail chest

A

stablized chest wall

surgery

30
Q

Are tension pneumothorax’s usually primary or secondary

A

secondary

31
Q

What is a Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A

air obstruction of expiration

32
Q

What is the unifying symptom of OPD’s

A

dyspnea

33
Q

What is the unifying sign of OPD’s

A

wheezing

34
Q

What are things that are a result of OPD’s

A

increased work of breathing

V/Q mismatch

35
Q

Can OPD’s be acute and chronic

A

yes

36
Q

What are some OPD’s

A

Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

37
Q

What is Asthma

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of bronchial mucosa

38
Q

What does Asthma cause

A

hyper resposiveness of airways

39
Q

What are the two types of asthma

A

extrinsic (allergenic) and intrinsic (non-atopic)

40
Q

What is alergic asthma due to

A

type I hypersensetivity reastions

41
Q

What is intrinsic asthma

A

occurs without allergic component

42
Q

What are some things that can trigger an asthma attack that are nonimmune

A

exercise
infections
aspirin
smoking

43
Q

What are some other ways asthma is classified

A

by agent or event that triggers it

44
Q

What are some examples of classifications of asthma

A

seasonal
exercise-induced
drug-induced

45
Q

What is atopic asthma

A

type I hypersen reaction to extrinsic stimuli (allergen) involving B cells

46
Q

When does Atopic asthma usaully start

A

childhood or adolescence

47
Q

What genetic aspect is related to atopic asthma

A

people with it usually have a family history

48
Q

What do people with atopic asthma usually have in addition to the asthma

A

other allergic disorders like eczema, hay fever, and urticaria

49
Q

What is the pathogenesis of atopic asthma

A

Acute phase- IgE released, WBC that reach the area release more mediators, broncospasms, and increased mucus production within 10-20 minutes after exposure
Late phase- 4-8 hours after exposure, onset of inflammation and increased airway responsiveness that prolong the asthma attack causing edema

50
Q

How long can an atopic asthma attack last

A

usually reaches it maximum within a few hours but it can last up to 12-24 hours

51
Q

What cause nonatopic or intrinsic asthma

A

infection
exercise
hyperventilation
smoking

52
Q

How does Respiratory tract infeciton cause nonatopic asthma

A

damages epithelial cells causing release of IgE

53
Q

How might exercise induce nonatopic asthma

A

the heat loss and increased volumes of cold air trigger mast cells and epithelial cells to release proinflammatory mediators like histamine and leukotrienes causing bronchospasms

54
Q

What group of chemicals can provoke asthmatic attacks

A

sulfates and preservatives in alcohol and vegies

55
Q

What are the manifestations of asthma

A 
bronchospasms 
edema of the bronchial mucosa
mucus plugging 
None during remission
Chest constriction
Expiratory wheezing
Dyspnea- causing use of accessory muscles 
Non-productive cough
Tachycardia & tachypnea
Use of accessory muscles
56
Q

How might inhaled irritant cause an nonatopic asthma attack

A

they can cause inflammation and vagal reflex

57
Q

How might Aspirin and NSAIDs cause an asthma attack

A

an abnormality in the patients Arachidonic Acid metabolism causes aspirin to only inhibit the antiinflammatory cyclooxygenase pathway but not the proinflammatory lipoxygenase pathway

58
Q

What are the risk factors of asthma

A 
Decreased exercise
Obesity
Urban residence
Cigarette smoke
Allergen exposure
59
Q

What is status asthmaticus

A

causes severe bronchospasms causing Hypoxemia that worsens, expiratory flow decreases, absent breath sounds

Pathophysiology (91 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions