Pleural Effusion-Pneumothorax-Asthma Flashcards by Nick Wrobel

What is Pleural effusion

build up of fluid in the pleural cavity because the rate of fluid production exceed the rate of removal or it cant be removed

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What are the different types of pleural effusion s

transudate or exudat e
purulent (pus)
sanguineous (bloody)
hydrothrorax (clear)

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What are the causes of hydrothorax

congestive heart failure

renal and liver failure

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What are the causes of exudate pleural effusion

infection of pneumonia and pulmonary infarction

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What are exudate effusion characteristized

proteins or elevated levels of LDH

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What is an infection that results in exudate effusio n

empyema

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What characterizes empyema

pus

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What causes empyema

pneumonia

rupture of a lung abscess

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What is chylothorax

effusion of lymph when the lymph system can transport chyle from the throacic duct into central circulation

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What can cause chylothorax

congenital malformations of the thoracic duct or lymph channels
trauma
inflammation
complications from surgery

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What is hemothorax

blood in the pleural cavity

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What causes hemothorax

trauma
surgery complications
vessel rupture like an aortic aneurysm

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How are plearual effusions usually treated

drainage

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What are the manifestations of pleural effusions

Cough 
Dypsea
dullness to percussion 
diminished breathing sounds 
pain
mediastinal shift

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How is Pleural effusion diagnosed

ultrasonography

CT scan

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How is pleural effusions treated

drainage

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What are the manifestations of empyema

fever
tachycardia
Cyanosis

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What a pneumothorax

air or gas in the pleural cavity that distorts the pressure, causign the lung to collapse

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What are the two types of pneumothorax and explain

unexpected

injury of chest or major airways

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What are the two types of spontaneous pneumothorax and explain them

primary- thought to be caused by a rupture of a bleb on the surface of the lung- risk factors are smoking and being tall and thin
secondary- occurs in people with lung disease like emphysema

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What is a traumatic pneumothorax

most common cause are dislocated or fractured ribs puncturing the pleura

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What is a tension pneumothorax

pressure in the pleura exceeds atmospheric pressure causing mediastinal shifts, compression of the vena cava because of too much pressure

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What are tension pneumo’s more related to?

traumatic pneumo’s more than spontaneous ones

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What are the manifestations of pneumothorax

Sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, decreased breast sounds on affected side and dyspnea.

In tension pneumothorax: severe hypoxemia, tracheal deviation away for affected side, and hypotension (LBP) emergency situation

How is pneumothorax treated

spontaneous one go away on their own | large and tension pneumothoraces require drainage by needle

What is flail chest

caused by consecutive rib fractures that causes an unstable chest wall

What are manifestations of flail chest

``` uneven chest expansion (paradoxic movement) Pain Dyspnea Hypoventilation Hypoxemia. ```

What causes flail chest

trauma to the chest

How do you treat flail chest

stablized chest wall | surgery

Are tension pneumothorax's usually primary or secondary

secondary

What is a Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

air obstruction of expiration

What is the unifying symptom of OPD's

dyspnea

What is the unifying sign of OPD's

wheezing

What are things that are a result of OPD's

increased work of breathing | V/Q mismatch

Can OPD's be acute and chronic

yes

What are some OPD's

Asthma Chronic bronchitis Emphysema

What is Asthma

Chronic inflammatory disorder of bronchial mucosa

What does Asthma cause

hyper resposiveness of airways

What are the two types of asthma

extrinsic (allergenic) and intrinsic (non-atopic)

What is alergic asthma due to

type I hypersensetivity reastions

What is intrinsic asthma

occurs without allergic component

What are some things that can trigger an asthma attack that are nonimmune

exercise infections aspirin smoking

What are some other ways asthma is classified

by agent or event that triggers it

What are some examples of classifications of asthma

seasonal exercise-induced drug-induced

What is atopic asthma

type I hypersen reaction to extrinsic stimuli (allergen) involving B cells

When does Atopic asthma usaully start

childhood or adolescence

What genetic aspect is related to atopic asthma

people with it usually have a family history

What do people with atopic asthma usually have in addition to the asthma

other allergic disorders like eczema, hay fever, and urticaria

What is the pathogenesis of atopic asthma

Acute phase- IgE released, WBC that reach the area release more mediators, broncospasms, and increased mucus production within 10-20 minutes after exposure Late phase- 4-8 hours after exposure, onset of inflammation and increased airway responsiveness that prolong the asthma attack causing edema

How long can an atopic asthma attack last

usually reaches it maximum within a few hours but it can last up to 12-24 hours

What cause nonatopic or intrinsic asthma

infection exercise hyperventilation smoking

How does Respiratory tract infeciton cause nonatopic asthma

damages epithelial cells causing release of IgE

How might exercise induce nonatopic asthma

the heat loss and increased volumes of cold air trigger mast cells and epithelial cells to release proinflammatory mediators like histamine and leukotrienes causing bronchospasms

What group of chemicals can provoke asthmatic attacks

sulfates and preservatives in alcohol and vegies

What are the manifestations of asthma

``` bronchospasms edema of the bronchial mucosa mucus plugging None during remission Chest constriction Expiratory wheezing Dyspnea- causing use of accessory muscles Non-productive cough Tachycardia & tachypnea Use of accessory muscles ```

How might inhaled irritant cause an nonatopic asthma attack

they can cause inflammation and vagal reflex

How might Aspirin and NSAIDs cause an asthma attack

an abnormality in the patients Arachidonic Acid metabolism causes aspirin to only inhibit the antiinflammatory cyclooxygenase pathway but not the proinflammatory lipoxygenase pathway

What are the risk factors of asthma

``` Decreased exercise Obesity Urban residence Cigarette smoke Allergen exposure ```

What is status asthmaticus

causes severe bronchospasms causing Hypoxemia that worsens, expiratory flow decreases, absent breath sounds