Pleural Effusion-Pneumothorax-Asthma Flashcards
What is Pleural effusion
build up of fluid in the pleural cavity because the rate of fluid production exceed the rate of removal or it cant be removed
What are the different types of pleural effusion s
transudate or exudat e
purulent (pus)
sanguineous (bloody)
hydrothrorax (clear)
What are the causes of hydrothorax
congestive heart failure
renal and liver failure
What are the causes of exudate pleural effusion
infection of pneumonia and pulmonary infarction
What are exudate effusion characteristized
proteins or elevated levels of LDH
What is an infection that results in exudate effusio n
empyema
What characterizes empyema
pus
What causes empyema
pneumonia
rupture of a lung abscess
What is chylothorax
effusion of lymph when the lymph system can transport chyle from the throacic duct into central circulation
What can cause chylothorax
congenital malformations of the thoracic duct or lymph channels
trauma
inflammation
complications from surgery
What is hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
What causes hemothorax
trauma
surgery complications
vessel rupture like an aortic aneurysm
How are plearual effusions usually treated
drainage
What are the manifestations of pleural effusions
Cough Dypsea dullness to percussion diminished breathing sounds pain mediastinal shift
How is Pleural effusion diagnosed
ultrasonography
CT scan
How is pleural effusions treated
drainage
What are the manifestations of empyema
fever
tachycardia
Cyanosis
What a pneumothorax
air or gas in the pleural cavity that distorts the pressure, causign the lung to collapse
What are the two types of pneumothorax and explain
unexpected
injury of chest or major airways
What are the two types of spontaneous pneumothorax and explain them
primary- thought to be caused by a rupture of a bleb on the surface of the lung- risk factors are smoking and being tall and thin
secondary- occurs in people with lung disease like emphysema
What is a traumatic pneumothorax
most common cause are dislocated or fractured ribs puncturing the pleura
What is a tension pneumothorax
pressure in the pleura exceeds atmospheric pressure causing mediastinal shifts, compression of the vena cava because of too much pressure
What are tension pneumo’s more related to?
traumatic pneumo’s more than spontaneous ones
What are the manifestations of pneumothorax
Sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, decreased breast sounds on affected side and dyspnea.
In tension pneumothorax: severe hypoxemia, tracheal deviation away for affected side, and hypotension (LBP) emergency situation
How is pneumothorax treated
spontaneous one go away on their own
large and tension pneumothoraces require drainage by needle
What is flail chest
caused by consecutive rib fractures that causes an unstable chest wall
What are manifestations of flail chest
uneven chest expansion (paradoxic movement) Pain Dyspnea Hypoventilation Hypoxemia.
What causes flail chest
trauma to the chest
How do you treat flail chest
stablized chest wall
surgery
Are tension pneumothorax’s usually primary or secondary
secondary
What is a Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
air obstruction of expiration
What is the unifying symptom of OPD’s
dyspnea
What is the unifying sign of OPD’s
wheezing
What are things that are a result of OPD’s
increased work of breathing
V/Q mismatch
Can OPD’s be acute and chronic
yes
What are some OPD’s
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
What is Asthma
Chronic inflammatory disorder of bronchial mucosa
What does Asthma cause
hyper resposiveness of airways
What are the two types of asthma
extrinsic (allergenic) and intrinsic (non-atopic)
What is alergic asthma due to
type I hypersensetivity reastions
What is intrinsic asthma
occurs without allergic component
What are some things that can trigger an asthma attack that are nonimmune
exercise
infections
aspirin
smoking
What are some other ways asthma is classified
by agent or event that triggers it
What are some examples of classifications of asthma
seasonal
exercise-induced
drug-induced
What is atopic asthma
type I hypersen reaction to extrinsic stimuli (allergen) involving B cells
When does Atopic asthma usaully start
childhood or adolescence
What genetic aspect is related to atopic asthma
people with it usually have a family history
What do people with atopic asthma usually have in addition to the asthma
other allergic disorders like eczema, hay fever, and urticaria
What is the pathogenesis of atopic asthma
Acute phase- IgE released, WBC that reach the area release more mediators, broncospasms, and increased mucus production within 10-20 minutes after exposure
Late phase- 4-8 hours after exposure, onset of inflammation and increased airway responsiveness that prolong the asthma attack causing edema
How long can an atopic asthma attack last
usually reaches it maximum within a few hours but it can last up to 12-24 hours
What cause nonatopic or intrinsic asthma
infection
exercise
hyperventilation
smoking
How does Respiratory tract infeciton cause nonatopic asthma
damages epithelial cells causing release of IgE
How might exercise induce nonatopic asthma
the heat loss and increased volumes of cold air trigger mast cells and epithelial cells to release proinflammatory mediators like histamine and leukotrienes causing bronchospasms
What group of chemicals can provoke asthmatic attacks
sulfates and preservatives in alcohol and vegies
What are the manifestations of asthma
bronchospasms edema of the bronchial mucosa mucus plugging None during remission Chest constriction Expiratory wheezing Dyspnea- causing use of accessory muscles Non-productive cough Tachycardia & tachypnea Use of accessory muscles
How might inhaled irritant cause an nonatopic asthma attack
they can cause inflammation and vagal reflex
How might Aspirin and NSAIDs cause an asthma attack
an abnormality in the patients Arachidonic Acid metabolism causes aspirin to only inhibit the antiinflammatory cyclooxygenase pathway but not the proinflammatory lipoxygenase pathway
What are the risk factors of asthma
Decreased exercise Obesity Urban residence Cigarette smoke Allergen exposure
What is status asthmaticus
causes severe bronchospasms causing Hypoxemia that worsens, expiratory flow decreases, absent breath sounds
