Bone healing and complications

Question 1

What are the four stages of bone healing

Answer 1

hematoma formation
fibrocartilaginous callus formation
bony callus formation
remodeling

Question 2

When does hematoma happen

Answer 2

first 1-2 days

Question 3

What happens in a hematoma

Answer 3

blood vessel in the bone and surrounding tissue bleed into the area of the fractured bone, forming a blood clot

Question 4

What does the hematoma do

Answer 4

creates the fibrin meshwork
attracts inflammatory cells
signals the healing process

Question 5

What happens in fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Answer 5

Fibroblasts connect the separated pieces of bone with a collagen bridge, then osteoblasts start deposting bone onto the bridge

Question 6

How long does it take for the bone to reach maximum girth from the cartilaginous callus

Answer 6

2-3 weeks

Question 7

Can the bone bear weight during the fibrocart callus formation stage

Answer 7

no

Question 8

What happens in ossification (bony callus formation)

Answer 8

the fibrocart callus is converted into a bony callus when osteogenic cells in the area develop into osteoblasts who then create a bony sheath around the outer edge of the fracture

Question 9

After the bony sheath in ossification is formed what happens

Answer 9

the fibrocart callus underneath begins to be converted into a bony callus

Question 10

When does bony callus formation usually start

Answer 10

3-4 weeks after injury

Question 11

What happens in remodeling

Answer 11

dead portions of bone are removed by osteoclasts

compact bone is laid down and organized

Question 12

What are the types of complications with fracture healig

Answer 12

delayed union
malunion
nonunion

Question 13

What are delayed unions charaterized by

Answer 13

failure to heal within 8-9 months

Question 14

What are the causes of delayed union

Answer 14

Poor internal fixation, inadequate immobilization, excessive loss of bone, repetitive stress on fracture site, use of corticosteroids

Question 15

What are malunions characterized by

Answer 15

When the bone heals in a non-anatomical position because of unequal stresses or muscle pull and gravity

Question 16

Where and who are malunions most common

Answer 16

clavicals of kids

Question 17

How can maluniions be corrected most of the time

Answer 17

by using gravity like the humorous being put into a sling

Question 18

Do maluniions need alignment usually

Answer 18

no

Question 19

What are some causes of malunions

Answer 19

inadequate reduction

misalignment before immobilization

Question 20

What is are nonunions characterized bt

Answer 20

failure for the bone ends to grow together so instead of new bone forming in the area the fiborcartilaginous tissue stays

Question 21

When is nonunion usually diagnosed

Answer 21

4-6 months after injury

Question 22

What are some causes of nonunion

Answer 22

health like diseases and infection, poor nutrition, moving when not told to, inadequate circulation