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Pathophysiology > Anatomy review > Flashcards

Anatomy review Flashcards

1
Q

What does mRNA do

A

copies and carries instructions for synthesis to the cytoplasm

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2
Q

What does tRNA do

A

transports amino acids the site of protein synthesis

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3
Q

What does rRNA do

A

site of protein synthesis

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4
Q

What does the glycocalyx consist of

A

carbohydrate chains
glycolipids
carbohydrate binding proteins called lectins

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5
Q

The ribosomes on the rough ER have

A

a strand of mRNA attached to them

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6
Q

The protein that the rough ER ribosomes synthesize are destined to be part of

A

the cell membrane or the creation of lysosomal enzymes

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7
Q

The smooth ER does not

A

synthesize proteins

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8
Q

The smooth ER syntehsizes

A

lipids, steroids

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9
Q

The Smooth ER is also involved with

A

detoxification and the regulation of intracellular calcium

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10
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac and skeletal muscle is a form of

A

smooth ER

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11
Q

The smooth ER of the liver is involved in

A

glycogen storage and the metabolism of lipid soluble drugs

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12
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus do

A

modifies substances transfered from the ER

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13
Q

All lysosomal enzymes are

A

acid hydrolases

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14
Q

lysosomes maintain a internal pH of

A

5.0

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15
Q

What is the appx. pH of the cytosol and other organelles

A

7.2

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16
Q

What are lysosomes made from

A

digestive vesicles called endosomes

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17
Q

What do lysosomes use to kill a pathogen

A

enzymes and oxygen radicals like hydrogen perioxide and nitric oxide

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18
Q

What are the three types of cell surface receptors

A

G protein linked
enzyme linked
ion channel

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19
Q

When a ligand binds to the G protein receptor what happens next

A

the G receptor undergos a change that causes the G protein on the inside wall of the cell to change as well

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20
Q

What kind of change does the G protein go through

A

it exchanges a GDP with a GTP

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21
Q

After the G protein is activated what happens

A

it goes to an effector, to help it make a second messenger

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22
Q

What is a common effector

A

adenylyl cyclase

23
Q

What second messenger does adenylyl cyclase make and what does it come from

A

cAMP which it makes from ATP

24
Q

What do the second messengers do

A

they continue into the cytoplasm to activate the next step of their purpose

25
Q

What characteristics are similar between G protein linked receptors and enzyme linked receptors

A

both bind to ligands

both can activate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase

26
Q

What characteristics are different between G protein linked receptors and enzyme linked receptors

A

the enzyme linked receptors dont associate with a G protein, they have an intrinsic enzyme or associate directly with an enzyme

27
Q

What kind of receptor does insulin bind to

A

enzyme linked receptors

28
Q

Do ion linked receptor bind to ligands

A

no

29
Q

What do ion receptor deal with

A

ions

30
Q

What type of cells are ion receptors found

A

nerve cells muscle cells

31
Q

Simple diffusion occurs without

A

a carrier protein

32
Q

What does facilitated diffusion require

A

transport proteins

33
Q

Why is the Na/K ATPase membrane pump essential for osmosis

A

without it too much Na would build up in the cell, causing too much water to flow into the cell

34
Q

Gout can be treated by drugs that do what

A

bind to tubulin molecules and prevent their assembly into microtubules

35
Q

Because microtubules form the mitotic spindle, making them essential for cell proliferation, drugs that bind to microtubules are useful for what type of treatment

A

cancer treatment

36
Q

What is an example of a use for actin microfilaments

A

muscular contractions with myosin filaments

37
Q

What are the two pathways of cell metabolism

A

the anaerobic glycolytic pathway in the cytoplasm

the aerobic pathways in the mitochondria

38
Q

What type of energy conversion in most efficient

A

the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

39
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis

A

two pyruvic acids

40
Q

What happens during glycolysis in an anaerobic environment

A

the pyruvate are converted into lactic acid

41
Q

When to pyruvic acid molecules enter the citric acid cycle what do they combine with

A

acetyl-coenzyme to form acetyl-CoA

42
Q

At the end of the ctric acid cycle how many ATP were created from each glucose molecule

A

4; two from glycolysis and two from the citric acid cycle

43
Q

What happens in the electron transport system

A

the NADH and FADH2 from the citric acid cycle provide electrons that are oxidized to make new ATP

44
Q

How many molecules of ATP are created from the electron transport chain

A

32

45
Q

What is an area that pseudostratified epithelium is found

A

upper respiratory tract

46
Q

What is an area that transitional epithelium is found

A

the bladder

47
Q

What is an area the simple squamous epithelium is found

A

alveoli of lungs and blood vessels

48
Q

Where can stratified squamous be found

A

skin and mucous membranes

49
Q

what can stratified cuboidal be found

A

sweat glands

50
Q

where can stratified columnar be found

A

ducts of slivary and mammary glands

51
Q

Where can simple columnar be found

A

intestines and galbladder

52
Q

What is the most common connective tissue cell

A

fibroblasts

53
Q

What is transcription

A

The

Pathophysiology (91 decks)

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