Anatomy review Flashcards
What does mRNA do
copies and carries instructions for synthesis to the cytoplasm
What does tRNA do
transports amino acids the site of protein synthesis
What does rRNA do
site of protein synthesis
What does the glycocalyx consist of
carbohydrate chains
glycolipids
carbohydrate binding proteins called lectins
The ribosomes on the rough ER have
a strand of mRNA attached to them
The protein that the rough ER ribosomes synthesize are destined to be part of
the cell membrane or the creation of lysosomal enzymes
The smooth ER does not
synthesize proteins
The smooth ER syntehsizes
lipids, steroids
The Smooth ER is also involved with
detoxification and the regulation of intracellular calcium
The sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac and skeletal muscle is a form of
smooth ER
The smooth ER of the liver is involved in
glycogen storage and the metabolism of lipid soluble drugs
What does the Golgi Apparatus do
modifies substances transfered from the ER
All lysosomal enzymes are
acid hydrolases
lysosomes maintain a internal pH of
5.0
What is the appx. pH of the cytosol and other organelles
7.2
What are lysosomes made from
digestive vesicles called endosomes
What do lysosomes use to kill a pathogen
enzymes and oxygen radicals like hydrogen perioxide and nitric oxide
What are the three types of cell surface receptors
G protein linked
enzyme linked
ion channel
When a ligand binds to the G protein receptor what happens next
the G receptor undergos a change that causes the G protein on the inside wall of the cell to change as well
What kind of change does the G protein go through
it exchanges a GDP with a GTP
After the G protein is activated what happens
it goes to an effector, to help it make a second messenger
What is a common effector
adenylyl cyclase
What second messenger does adenylyl cyclase make and what does it come from
cAMP which it makes from ATP
What do the second messengers do
they continue into the cytoplasm to activate the next step of their purpose
What characteristics are similar between G protein linked receptors and enzyme linked receptors
both bind to ligands
both can activate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase
What characteristics are different between G protein linked receptors and enzyme linked receptors
the enzyme linked receptors dont associate with a G protein, they have an intrinsic enzyme or associate directly with an enzyme
What kind of receptor does insulin bind to
enzyme linked receptors
Do ion linked receptor bind to ligands
no
What do ion receptor deal with
ions
What type of cells are ion receptors found
nerve cells muscle cells
Simple diffusion occurs without
a carrier protein
What does facilitated diffusion require
transport proteins
Why is the Na/K ATPase membrane pump essential for osmosis
without it too much Na would build up in the cell, causing too much water to flow into the cell
Gout can be treated by drugs that do what
bind to tubulin molecules and prevent their assembly into microtubules
Because microtubules form the mitotic spindle, making them essential for cell proliferation, drugs that bind to microtubules are useful for what type of treatment
cancer treatment
What is an example of a use for actin microfilaments
muscular contractions with myosin filaments
What are the two pathways of cell metabolism
the anaerobic glycolytic pathway in the cytoplasm
the aerobic pathways in the mitochondria
What type of energy conversion in most efficient
the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
What is the end product of glycolysis
two pyruvic acids
What happens during glycolysis in an anaerobic environment
the pyruvate are converted into lactic acid
When to pyruvic acid molecules enter the citric acid cycle what do they combine with
acetyl-coenzyme to form acetyl-CoA
At the end of the ctric acid cycle how many ATP were created from each glucose molecule
4; two from glycolysis and two from the citric acid cycle
What happens in the electron transport system
the NADH and FADH2 from the citric acid cycle provide electrons that are oxidized to make new ATP
How many molecules of ATP are created from the electron transport chain
32
What is an area that pseudostratified epithelium is found
upper respiratory tract
What is an area that transitional epithelium is found
the bladder
What is an area the simple squamous epithelium is found
alveoli of lungs and blood vessels
Where can stratified squamous be found
skin and mucous membranes
what can stratified cuboidal be found
sweat glands
where can stratified columnar be found
ducts of slivary and mammary glands
Where can simple columnar be found
intestines and galbladder
What is the most common connective tissue cell
fibroblasts
What is transcription
The
