Anatomy review

Question 1

What does mRNA do

Answer 1

copies and carries instructions for synthesis to the cytoplasm

Question 2

What does tRNA do

Answer 2

transports amino acids the site of protein synthesis

Question 3

What does rRNA do

Answer 3

site of protein synthesis

Question 4

What does the glycocalyx consist of

Answer 4

carbohydrate chains
glycolipids
carbohydrate binding proteins called lectins

Question 5

The ribosomes on the rough ER have

Answer 5

a strand of mRNA attached to them

Question 6

The protein that the rough ER ribosomes synthesize are destined to be part of

Answer 6

the cell membrane or the creation of lysosomal enzymes

Question 7

The smooth ER does not

Answer 7

synthesize proteins

Question 8

The smooth ER syntehsizes

Answer 8

lipids, steroids

Question 9

The Smooth ER is also involved with

Answer 9

detoxification and the regulation of intracellular calcium

Question 10

The sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac and skeletal muscle is a form of

Answer 10

smooth ER

Question 11

The smooth ER of the liver is involved in

Answer 11

glycogen storage and the metabolism of lipid soluble drugs

Question 12

What does the Golgi Apparatus do

Answer 12

modifies substances transfered from the ER

Question 13

All lysosomal enzymes are

Answer 13

acid hydrolases

Question 14

lysosomes maintain a internal pH of

Answer 14

5.0

Question 15

What is the appx. pH of the cytosol and other organelles

Answer 15

7.2

Question 16

What are lysosomes made from

Answer 16

digestive vesicles called endosomes

Question 17

What do lysosomes use to kill a pathogen

Answer 17

enzymes and oxygen radicals like hydrogen perioxide and nitric oxide

Question 18

What are the three types of cell surface receptors

Answer 18

G protein linked
enzyme linked
ion channel

Question 19

When a ligand binds to the G protein receptor what happens next

Answer 19

the G receptor undergos a change that causes the G protein on the inside wall of the cell to change as well

Question 20

What kind of change does the G protein go through

Answer 20

it exchanges a GDP with a GTP

Question 21

After the G protein is activated what happens

Answer 21

it goes to an effector, to help it make a second messenger

Question 22

What is a common effector

Answer 22

adenylyl cyclase

Question 23

What second messenger does adenylyl cyclase make and what does it come from

Answer 23

cAMP which it makes from ATP

Question 24

What do the second messengers do

Answer 24

they continue into the cytoplasm to activate the next step of their purpose

Question 25

What characteristics are similar between G protein linked receptors and enzyme linked receptors

Answer 25

both bind to ligands | both can activate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase

Question 26

What characteristics are different between G protein linked receptors and enzyme linked receptors

Answer 26

the enzyme linked receptors dont associate with a G protein, they have an intrinsic enzyme or associate directly with an enzyme

Question 27

What kind of receptor does insulin bind to

Answer 27

enzyme linked receptors

Question 28

Do ion linked receptor bind to ligands

Answer 28

no

Question 29

What do ion receptor deal with

Answer 29

ions

Question 30

What type of cells are ion receptors found

Answer 30

nerve cells muscle cells

Question 31

Simple diffusion occurs without

Answer 31

a carrier protein

Question 32

What does facilitated diffusion require

Answer 32

transport proteins

Question 33

Why is the Na/K ATPase membrane pump essential for osmosis

Answer 33

without it too much Na would build up in the cell, causing too much water to flow into the cell

Question 34

Gout can be treated by drugs that do what

Answer 34

bind to tubulin molecules and prevent their assembly into microtubules

Question 35

Because microtubules form the mitotic spindle, making them essential for cell proliferation, drugs that bind to microtubules are useful for what type of treatment

Answer 35

cancer treatment

Question 36

What is an example of a use for actin microfilaments

Answer 36

muscular contractions with myosin filaments

Question 37

What are the two pathways of cell metabolism

Answer 37

the anaerobic glycolytic pathway in the cytoplasm | the aerobic pathways in the mitochondria

Question 38

What type of energy conversion in most efficient

Answer 38

the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

Question 39

What is the end product of glycolysis

Answer 39

two pyruvic acids

Question 40

What happens during glycolysis in an anaerobic environment

Answer 40

the pyruvate are converted into lactic acid

Question 41

When to pyruvic acid molecules enter the citric acid cycle what do they combine with

Answer 41

acetyl-coenzyme to form acetyl-CoA

Question 42

At the end of the ctric acid cycle how many ATP were created from each glucose molecule

Answer 42

4; two from glycolysis and two from the citric acid cycle

Question 43

What happens in the electron transport system

Answer 43

the NADH and FADH2 from the citric acid cycle provide electrons that are oxidized to make new ATP

Question 44

How many molecules of ATP are created from the electron transport chain

Answer 44

32

Question 45

What is an area that pseudostratified epithelium is found

Answer 45

upper respiratory tract

Question 46

What is an area that transitional epithelium is found

Answer 46

the bladder

Question 47

What is an area the simple squamous epithelium is found

Answer 47

alveoli of lungs and blood vessels

Question 48

Where can stratified squamous be found

Answer 48

skin and mucous membranes

Question 49

what can stratified cuboidal be found

Answer 49

sweat glands

Question 50

where can stratified columnar be found

Answer 50

ducts of slivary and mammary glands

Question 51

Where can simple columnar be found

Answer 51

intestines and galbladder

Question 52

What is the most common connective tissue cell

Answer 52

fibroblasts

Question 53

What is transcription

Answer 53

The