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Pathophysiology > Obstructions > Flashcards

Obstructions Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What affects the severity of obstructions</p>

A 
<p>its location
Involvement of tract structures
Completeness of blockage
Duration
Nature of lesions
is it bilateral?</p>
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2
Q

<p>What is the most common obstruction </p>

A

<p>calcium stones 80%</p>

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3
Q

<p>What is another name for kidney stones </p>

A

<p>nephrolithiasis</p>

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4
Q

<p>What is the causes of kidney stones</p>

A

<p>increased amount of blood and urinary levels of stone components
UTI's</p>

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5
Q

<p>Do they usually happen in one or both kidneys</p>

A

<p>one </p>

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6
Q

<p>What are the two factors implicated in kidney stones formation</p>

A

<p>supersaturated urine (tons of ions in the urine)

| evironment that allows the stone to grow </p>

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7
Q

<p>do many people experience supersaturated urine </p>

A

<p>yes </p>

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8
Q

<p>Why are people with supersaturated urine usually free of kidney stones</p>

A

<p>kidney stone inhibitors like magnesium, citrate, and Tamm-Horsfall mucoproteins</p>

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9
Q

<p>What are the four basic types of kideny stones </p>

A

<p>calcium
magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
uric acid
cystine stones </p>

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10
Q

<p>What usually causes calcium stones </p>

A

<p>increased calcium levels in the blood and urine from diet </p>

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

<p>What are the conditions associated with calcium stones</p>

A

<p>b one disease h yperthyroidism a cidosis in kidney f amilial trait i mmobility vegetarianism</p>

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13
Q

<p>Can calcium stones be idiopathic </p>

A

<p>yes</p>

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14
Q

<p>What environment usually causes struvites </p>

A

<p>alkaline urine with UTI's </p>

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15
Q

<p>How does a struvite stone form </p>

A

<p>the ammonia, that is a result of the bacterial enzymes urea, binds with H+, increasing the pH, thus attracting phosphate, then magnesium, phosphate and ammonium form a stone </p>

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16
Q

<p>What causes uric acid stones</p>

A

<p>high concentrations of uric acid in the urine </p>

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17
Q

<p>What conditions are risk factors of uric acid stones </p>

A

<p>gout and low pH of 5.1-5.9</p>

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18
Q

<p>What is a great way to treat uric acid stones </p>

A

<p>alkalizing the urine to 6-6.5 with potassium alkali salts </p>

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19
Q

<p>What causes cystine stones </p>

A

<p>a genetic defect in renal transport of cystine </p>

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20
Q

<p>What do cystine stones resemble </p>

A

<p>struvite stones</p>

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21
Q

<p>What is different between cystine and struvite stones </p>

A

<p>infection is unlikely with cystine stones </p>

22
Q

<p>Which kidney stones make up 1% of all kidney stones</p>

A

<p>cystine </p>

23
Q

<p>What are the manifestations of kid stones </p>

A

<p>Flank pain, renal colic, hematuria, pus in urine, dysuria</p>

24
Q

<p>What size of kid stones have a 50% chance of spontaneous passing</p>

A

<p>< 5</p>

25
Q

<p>What size of kid stones has almost no chance of passing </p>

A

<p>1 cm</p>

26
Q

<p>What are the way to diagnose kidney stones </p>

A

<p>urinalysis for hematuria, infection, presents of stone forming crystals, and urine pH
X-ray
ultrasonography</p>

27
Q

<p>What are the typical treatment of kidney stones </p>

A

<p>help them remove it

| prevent recurrence by treating underlying conditions, and adequate fluid intake</p>

28
Q

<p>What are the two major types of malignant tumors </p>

A

<p>Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumors)

| renal cell carcinoma </p>

29
Q

<p>Which major types of malignant tumor happens in childhood </p>

A

<p>wilms tumors </p>

30
Q

<p>Which major types of malignant tumor happens in adults </p>

A

<p>renal cell car</p>

31
Q

<p>What age does Nephroblastoma tumors arise </p>

A

<p>3-5 years old </p>

32
Q

<p>How common are Nephroblastoma tumors </p>

A

<p>most common neoplasm in young children</p>

33
Q

<p>What are the most common signs of Nephroblastoma </p>

A 
<p>large abdominal mass 
hypertension 
fever
pain
 N/V
hematuria</p>
34
Q

<p>What are the treatments for Nephroblastoma tumors </p>

A

<p>surgery
chemotherapy
sometimes radiation therapy</p>

35
Q

<p>What is the survival rate for aggressive treatment plans for Nephroblastoma</p>

A

<p>96%</p>

36
Q

<p>Are Nephroblastoma typically unilateral or bilateral </p>

A

<p>unilateral</p>

37
Q

<p>What might be the cause of Nephroblastoma</p>

A

<p>defects in a tumor suppressor gene in Chromosome 11</p>

38
Q

<p>Why do Nephroblastomas cause problems </p>

A

<p>they grow causing structural damage </p>

39
Q

<p>Why does renal cell car have a high risk to metastisaze</p>

A

<p>because it is often detected late</p>

40
Q

<p>Where does renal cell car originate</p>

A

<p>lining of the proximal convoluted tubule</p>

41
Q

<p>What is the survival rate of renal cell car</p>

A

<p>65-90%</p>

42
Q

<p>What are the manifestations of renal cell car</p>

A

<p>Hematuria (40%), flank pain (40%), a mass in the abdomen or flank (25%), weight loss (33%), fever (20%), high BP(20%), paraneoplastic syndromes (20%)</p>

43
Q

<p>What is the occurance rate of bladder cancer</p>

A

<p>~ 1% of all malignant tumors</p>

44
Q

<p>Who does bladder cancer usually effect</p>

A

<p>> men</p>

45
Q

<p>What are the major risk factors of bladder cancer</p>

A

<p>smoking, exposure to chemicals

| </p>

46
Q

<p>What is the patho of bladder cancer</p>

A

<p>genetic alteration in normal bladder epithelium

| </p>

47
Q

<p>What are the manifestations of bladder cancer</p>

A

<p>gross painless hematuria, accompanied by frequency, nocturia, urgency, and urge incontinence
</p>

48
Q

<p>What does hydroureter mean</p>

A

<p>obstruction in the ureter causing fluid back flow </p>

49
Q

<p>What does hydronephrosis</p>

A

<p>obstruction in the kidney causing build up of water </p>

50
Q

<p>What does Ureterohydronephrosis mean</p>

A

<p>obstruction causing fluid build up in both the ureter and kidney</p>

51
Q

<p>What does the suffix lithiasis mean</p>

A

<p>stone</p>

52
Q

<p>What does Cystolithiasis mean </p>

A

<p>stone in the bladder</p>

Pathophysiology (91 decks)

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