Obstructions Flashcards
(52 cards)
<p>What affects the severity of obstructions</p>
<p>its location Involvement of tract structures Completeness of blockage Duration Nature of lesions is it bilateral?</p>
<p>What is the most common obstruction </p>
<p>calcium stones 80%</p>
<p>What is another name for kidney stones </p>
<p>nephrolithiasis</p>
<p>What is the causes of kidney stones</p>
<p>increased amount of blood and urinary levels of stone components
UTI's</p>
<p>Do they usually happen in one or both kidneys</p>
<p>one </p>
<p>What are the two factors implicated in kidney stones formation</p>
<p>supersaturated urine (tons of ions in the urine)
| evironment that allows the stone to grow </p>
<p>do many people experience supersaturated urine </p>
<p>yes </p>
<p>Why are people with supersaturated urine usually free of kidney stones</p>
<p>kidney stone inhibitors like magnesium, citrate, and Tamm-Horsfall mucoproteins</p>
<p>What are the four basic types of kideny stones </p>
<p>calcium
magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
uric acid
cystine stones </p>
<p>What usually causes calcium stones </p>
<p>increased calcium levels in the blood and urine from diet </p>
<p>What are the conditions associated with calcium stones</p>
<p>b one disease h yperthyroidism a cidosis in kidney f amilial trait i mmobility vegetarianism</p>
<p>Can calcium stones be idiopathic </p>
<p>yes</p>
<p>What environment usually causes struvites </p>
<p>alkaline urine with UTI's </p>
<p>How does a struvite stone form </p>
<p>the ammonia, that is a result of the bacterial enzymes urea, binds with H+, increasing the pH, thus attracting phosphate, then magnesium, phosphate and ammonium form a stone </p>
<p>What causes uric acid stones</p>
<p>high concentrations of uric acid in the urine </p>
<p>What conditions are risk factors of uric acid stones </p>
<p>gout and low pH of 5.1-5.9</p>
<p>What is a great way to treat uric acid stones </p>
<p>alkalizing the urine to 6-6.5 with potassium alkali salts </p>
<p>What causes cystine stones </p>
<p>a genetic defect in renal transport of cystine </p>
<p>What do cystine stones resemble </p>
<p>struvite stones</p>
<p>What is different between cystine and struvite stones </p>
<p>infection is unlikely with cystine stones </p>
<p>Which kidney stones make up 1% of all kidney stones</p>
<p>cystine </p>
<p>What are the manifestations of kid stones </p>
<p>Flank pain, renal colic, hematuria, pus in urine, dysuria</p>
<p>What size of kid stones have a 50% chance of spontaneous passing</p>
<p>< 5</p>
What size of kid stones has almost no chance of passing
1 cm
What are the way to diagnose kidney stones
urinalysis for hematuria, infection, presents of stone forming crystals, and urine pH X-ray ultrasonography
What are the typical treatment of kidney stones
help them remove it | prevent recurrence by treating underlying conditions, and adequate fluid intake
What are the two major types of malignant tumors
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumors) | renal cell carcinoma
Which major types of malignant tumor happens in childhood
wilms tumors
Which major types of malignant tumor happens in adults
renal cell car
What age does Nephroblastoma tumors arise
3-5 years old
How common are Nephroblastoma tumors
most common neoplasm in young children
What are the most common signs of Nephroblastoma
large abdominal mass hypertension fever pain N/V hematuria
```What are the treatments for Nephroblastoma tumors
surgery chemotherapy sometimes radiation therapy
What is the survival rate for aggressive treatment plans for Nephroblastoma
96%
Are Nephroblastoma typically unilateral or bilateral
unilateral
What might be the cause of Nephroblastoma
defects in a tumor suppressor gene in Chromosome 11
Why do Nephroblastomas cause problems
they grow causing structural damage
Why does renal cell car have a high risk to metastisaze
because it is often detected late
Where does renal cell car originate
lining of the proximal convoluted tubule
What is the survival rate of renal cell car
65-90%
What are the manifestations of renal cell car
Hematuria (40%), flank pain (40%), a mass in the abdomen or flank (25%), weight loss (33%), fever (20%), high BP (20%), paraneoplastic syndromes (20%)
What is the occurance rate of bladder cancer
~ 1% of all malignant tumors
Who does bladder cancer usually effect
> men
What are the major risk factors of bladder cancer
smoking, exposure to chemicals |
What is the patho of bladder cancer
genetic alteration in normal bladder epithelium |
What are the manifestations of bladder cancer
gross painless hematuria, accompanied by frequency, nocturia, urgency, and urge incontinence
What does hydroureter mean
obstruction in the ureter causing fluid back flow
What does hydronephrosis
obstruction in the kidney causing build up of water
What does Ureterohydronephrosis mean
obstruction causing fluid build up in both the ureter and kidney
What does the suffix lithiasis mean
stone
What does Cystolithiasis mean
stone in the bladder
