Neurologic Dysfunction 2 Flashcards
What is the sympathetic nervous system
Increase heart rate, blood pressure
Dilate pupils, bronchioles
Blood from the GI, skin to skeletal muscles, brain
What is the parasympathetic system
Decrease heart rate, blood pressure
Constrict pupils,
Blood to the GI tract, increased secretions
What is preganglionic
Acetylcholine binds cholinergic nicotinic receptors
What is involved in postganglionic sympathetic
Epinephrine, norepinephrine-binding adrenergic receptors
What is involved in postglanglionic parasympathetic
acetylcholine-binding cholinergic muscarinic receptors
What does α1 adrenergic receptor do
constrict blood vessels
Where does α1 happen
vasoconstriction in many blood vessels, skin, GI tract, kidney and brain
What does a2 adrenergic receptor do
inhibit neurotransmitter release, influence the central control of bp
Where are a2 receptors found?
Presynaptically, CNS,
What does B1 adrenergic receptor do
increase heart rate and contraction
Where are B1 receptors primarily found
Heart
What does B2 adrenergic receptor do
bronchodilation, inhibit GI motility, micturition
Where are B2 receptors found
Bronchioles, visceral smooth muscles of the Gi tract, uterus, urinary bladder
What do the actions of the B2 receptor by smooth muscle relaxation facilitate
Respiration,
Inhibit Gi tract motility,
Inhibit labor, and Delay need of micturition
What do B3 adrenergic receptors do
regulate fat breakdown, thermogenesis
Where are B3 receptors found
In adipose tissue
How are neurotransmitters removed from synapse
By reuptake or degraded by enzymes
Where are cholinergic neurotransmitter released from
from autonomic preganglionic neurons, parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons, somatic motor neurons
What are the three levels of somatic sensation
1: detect the sensation
2: neurons communicate with reflex and sensory pathways in the spinal cord; sends message to thalamus
3: relay info from thalamus to cerebral cortex
What are the two subdivisions of the anterolateral pathway
Paleospinothalamic tract and neospinothalamic tract
What is the paleospinothalamic tract
To the reticular activating system,
Affects arousal, mood, attention
Is paleospinothalamic tract slow or fast
slow
What is the main difference between paleospinothalamic and neospinothalamic
Paleo goes through the reticular formation
What type of pain is associated with paleo
chronic pain
What is neospinothalamic tract
To the thalamus and parietal cortex, allows localization, identificatin of pain
What type of pain is associated with neo
acute pain
What does primary somatosensory cortex do
Identifies sensation
What does association cortex do
relates sensation to memories, other sensations
What are examples of tactile sensations
free nerve endings, hair follicle, pressure/heat
What are thermal sensations
Cold, warmth, pain
What is position sense
proprioreceptive receptors, stretch-sensitive receptors
What are A-delta fibers?
Large, myelinated fibers,
Acute pain,
“fast pain”
What does A-delta fibers release?
Glutamate- excitatory transmitter
What are C-fibers?
Small, unmyelinated,
“Slow wave pain”, chronic pain
What do C fibers release?
Glutamate but mainly substance P- inhibitory
What does it mean to have cutaneous, deep somatic, visceral, referred pain
Cutaneous: skin
Deep somatic: periosteum, joints, muscles, blood vessels,
Visceral: organs
Referred: traveling pain from the site of injury
What is hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity
What is hyperalgesia
heightened sensitivity to pain
What is hypoesthesia
reduced sensitivity
What is hypothermia
Abnormally low body temp
What is hypoalgesia
decreased sensitivity to pain
What is allodynia
feel pain following a normally non painful/ repetitive stimulation
What is the specificity theory
Special pain receptors detect pain (nocireceptors)
What is pattern theory?
Sensory receptors create pain signals when stimuli are too strong
What is gate control theory?
presence of a neural gating mechanism at the segmental spinal cord level could block projection of pain information to the brain
What is neuromatrix theory
Brain identifies pain
What kind of actions cause deep somatic pain
pressure exerted on bone
