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Pathophysiology > Neurologic Dysfunction 2 > Flashcards

Neurologic Dysfunction 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system

A

Increase heart rate, blood pressure
Dilate pupils, bronchioles
Blood from the GI, skin to skeletal muscles, brain

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2
Q

What is the parasympathetic system

A

Decrease heart rate, blood pressure
Constrict pupils,
Blood to the GI tract, increased secretions

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3
Q

What is preganglionic

A

Acetylcholine binds cholinergic nicotinic receptors

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4
Q

What is involved in postganglionic sympathetic

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine-binding adrenergic receptors

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5
Q

What is involved in postglanglionic parasympathetic

A

acetylcholine-binding cholinergic muscarinic receptors

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6
Q

What does α1 adrenergic receptor do

A

constrict blood vessels

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7
Q

Where does α1 happen

A

vasoconstriction in many blood vessels, skin, GI tract, kidney and brain

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8
Q

What does a2 adrenergic receptor do

A

inhibit neurotransmitter release, influence the central control of bp

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9
Q

Where are a2 receptors found?

A

Presynaptically, CNS,

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10
Q

What does B1 adrenergic receptor do

A

increase heart rate and contraction

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11
Q

Where are B1 receptors primarily found

A

Heart

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12
Q

What does B2 adrenergic receptor do

A

bronchodilation, inhibit GI motility, micturition

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13
Q

Where are B2 receptors found

A

Bronchioles, visceral smooth muscles of the Gi tract, uterus, urinary bladder

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14
Q

What do the actions of the B2 receptor by smooth muscle relaxation facilitate

A

Respiration,
Inhibit Gi tract motility,
Inhibit labor, and Delay need of micturition

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15
Q

What do B3 adrenergic receptors do

A

regulate fat breakdown, thermogenesis

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16
Q

Where are B3 receptors found

A

In adipose tissue

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17
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed from synapse

A

By reuptake or degraded by enzymes

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18
Q

Where are cholinergic neurotransmitter released from

A

from autonomic preganglionic neurons, parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons, somatic motor neurons

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19
Q

What are the three levels of somatic sensation

A

1: detect the sensation
2: neurons communicate with reflex and sensory pathways in the spinal cord; sends message to thalamus
3: relay info from thalamus to cerebral cortex

20
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the anterolateral pathway

A

Paleospinothalamic tract and neospinothalamic tract

21
Q

What is the paleospinothalamic tract

A

To the reticular activating system,

Affects arousal, mood, attention

22
Q

Is paleospinothalamic tract slow or fast

A

slow

23
Q

What is the main difference between paleospinothalamic and neospinothalamic

A

Paleo goes through the reticular formation

24
Q

What type of pain is associated with paleo

A

chronic pain

25
Q

What is neospinothalamic tract

A

To the thalamus and parietal cortex, allows localization, identificatin of pain

26
Q

What type of pain is associated with neo

A

acute pain

27
Q

What does primary somatosensory cortex do

A

Identifies sensation

28
Q

What does association cortex do

A

relates sensation to memories, other sensations

29
Q

What are examples of tactile sensations

A

free nerve endings, hair follicle, pressure/heat

30
Q

What are thermal sensations

A

Cold, warmth, pain

31
Q

What is position sense

A

proprioreceptive receptors, stretch-sensitive receptors

32
Q

What are A-delta fibers?

A

Large, myelinated fibers,
Acute pain,
“fast pain”

33
Q

What does A-delta fibers release?

A

Glutamate- excitatory transmitter

34
Q

What are C-fibers?

A

Small, unmyelinated,

“Slow wave pain”, chronic pain

35
Q

What do C fibers release?

A

Glutamate but mainly substance P- inhibitory

36
Q

What does it mean to have cutaneous, deep somatic, visceral, referred pain

A

Cutaneous: skin
Deep somatic: periosteum, joints, muscles, blood vessels,
Visceral: organs
Referred: traveling pain from the site of injury

37
Q

What is hyperesthesia

A

Increased sensitivity

38
Q

What is hyperalgesia

A

heightened sensitivity to pain

39
Q

What is hypoesthesia

A

reduced sensitivity

40
Q

What is hypothermia

A

Abnormally low body temp

41
Q

What is hypoalgesia

A

decreased sensitivity to pain

42
Q

What is allodynia

A

feel pain following a normally non painful/ repetitive stimulation

43
Q

What is the specificity theory

A

Special pain receptors detect pain (nocireceptors)

44
Q

What is pattern theory?

A

Sensory receptors create pain signals when stimuli are too strong

45
Q

What is gate control theory?

A

presence of a neural gating mechanism at the segmental spinal cord level could block projection of pain information to the brain

46
Q

What is neuromatrix theory

A

Brain identifies pain

47
Q

What kind of actions cause deep somatic pain

A

pressure exerted on bone

Pathophysiology (91 decks)

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