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NURS2500: Pathophysiology/Pharmacology/Assessment > Week 8 - Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation > Flashcards

Week 8 - Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics to look for when assessing clinical manifestations of local and systemic responses to infection?

A
  1. Extensiveness (ie. local - small paper cut)
  2. Location
  3. Dependent on pt immune response (ie. chronically ill w/ bands only = cannot fight infection)
  4. Dependent on acute vs chronic
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2
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of a local response? (6)

A
  • swelling
  • pain
  • heat
  • redness
  • Exudate/impaired function
    – serous/fibrinous/purulent/
    hemorrhagic

Proinflammatory hormones are the reason

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3
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of a systemic response? (5)

A
  1. Neutrophilia
    - excess of neutrophils, telling our bands to grow up
  2. fever
  3. Malaise
  4. Loss of appetite
  5. Muscle catabolism
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4
Q

In lecture, where do we normally see systemic responses?

A
  • mostly chronic inflammation pts
    think:
    outside the body = local
    Inside the body = systemic
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5
Q

What should you assess for in terms of inflammation? (3, 6)

A
  1. Hx
  2. Physical assessment
    - look for trauma
    - Check colour, temp, pain, swelling (edema)
    - look for any drainage (what do you see, small?)
  3. Diagnostics
    - radiographic, blood
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6
Q

Inflammation blood work slide

A
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7
Q

What can you do for primary prevention of inflammation?

A

in lecture: wear seatbelt, education, hand hygiene

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8
Q

What can you do for secondary prevention of inflammation?

A

screening (but there is none)

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9
Q

What are collaborative interventions that can be done to manage inflammation? (2, 6)

A
  1. The goal is to mediate inflammatory process and promote healing and repair
  2. Treat underlying cause
    - Infection = eliminate cause
    - Hypersensitivity response = manage inflammation and manage the pathologic issue (eg. DM, RA, MS)
    - Sprain/strain = RICE and NSAIDS
    - Chronic = monitor to prevent further tissue damage, treat cause, support ongoing tissue function, meds (ex. type 1 diabetes, provide insulin)
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10
Q

What does RICE stand for?

A
  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Compression
  • Elevation
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11
Q

How should we use RICE? (5)

A
  • First 24-48 hours after injury
  • rest to prevent further injury and trigger inflammation
  • ice for 10 minutes at a time every 2-3 hours
  • compression to reduce swelling (increase flow, cap leak_
  • Elevate above level of heart to minimize swelling (send blood back to heart)
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12
Q

Which medications are used to reduce inflammation? (2)

A
  1. Steroidal agents (reduce inflammation itself)
    - Glucocorticoids: prednisone
  2. NSAIDS = ibuprofen
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13
Q

Which medications are used to manage fever? (4)

A

Proinflammatory hormones
1. antipyretics
- acetaminophen
- aspirin (bleed, tons of side effects so ibuprofen is 1st line)
- NSAIDS

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14
Q

Which medications are used as pain relief? (5)

A

Analgesics
- acetaminophen
- Aspirin
- NSAIDS
- opioids if pain is severe

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15
Q

Reducing inflammation MOA slide

A
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16
Q

Prednisone drug card

A
17
Q

What are the adrenal glands controlled by?

A

controlled by release of ACTH from pituitary gland through negative feedback

18
Q

What occurs in the negative feedback mechanism for the adrenal glands?

A

Exogenous cortisol suppresses pituitary release of ACTH and suppresses production of natural cortisol by adrenal glands

19
Q

What is adrenal crisis? (5)

A
  • results from sudden withdrawal
    May experience:
  • hypotension
  • flu symptoms
  • seizures
  • shock
20
Q

How can we treat adrenal crisis short term?

A

therapy (less than 10 days)

21
Q

How can we treat adrenal crisis if it is long term? (2)

A
  • give EOD
  • requires dose to be tapered as it is discontinued so adrenals resume production

ie. 40 becomes 20… that way natural mechanism is turned backed on

22
Q

Key points to this lecture (3)

A
  1. Inflammation is not the same as infection
  2. Local and systemic manifestations
  3. Pharmacology
    - Antipyretics
    - analgesics
    - Anti-inflammation

NURS2500: Pathophysiology/Pharmacology/Assessment (107 decks)

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