Week 8 - Acute + Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

What are the stages of acute inflammation? (3)

Answer 1

1. Vascular response
2. Cellular Response
3. Tissue Repair and replacement

Question 2

What occurs in vascular response in terms of injured tissues, local granulocytes, and tissue masts? (6)

Answer 2

1. injured tissues and local granulocytes and tissue masts secrete Proinflammatory hormones
   - small veins constrict and arterioles dilate
   –blood flow increases delivering nutrients (O2, glucose) to injured tissues
   — might cause hyperemia/redness, warmth, and edema
   - Capillary leaks/permeability
   – swelling/edema and pain

Question 3

What occurs in vascular response in terms of macrophages? (2)

Answer 3

• macrophages secrete proinflammatory hormones
  – mature WBCs quicker and promote neutrophil invasion
  (tell our bone marrow to hurry and make the bands into segs)

Question 4

Stages of acute inflammation diagram

Answer 4

Question 5

What occurs in cellular response in terms of granulocytes and tissue mast cells? (5)

Answer 5

1. granulocytes and tissue Mast Cells become activated
   - Neutrophilia occurs (neutrophils coming down to help
   – 12 hours after injury
   – Phagocytosis
   - Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast Cells promote continuous inflammatory response

Question 6

What occurs in cellular response in terms of exudate? (2)

Answer 6

• exudate forms
  – dead WBCs, necrotic tissue and leaked cell fluid

once neutrophil engulfed, neutrophil ides

Question 7

What occurs in cellular response in terms of macrophages and arachidonic acid cascade? (4)

Answer 7

1. macrophages increase and stimulate monocyte production
2. Arachidonic acid cascade occurs to increase inflammation
   - fatty acids in membrane of injured cells turn into arachidonic acid
   - acid then converted by COX enzyme into substances that promote more inflammation (turns into promotors of inflammation)

Question 8

What are the substances that are converted by arachidonic acid? (5)

Answer 8

• histamine
• leokotrienes
• prostaglandins
• serotonin
• kinins

ibuprofen stops this from happening

Question 9

Cellular injury and cellular/vascular response diagram

Answer 9

Question 10

What occurs in tissue repair and replacement? (3)

Answer 10

1 All WBC involved start the replacement of lost/damaged tissues by stimulating healthy cells to divide
2. WBC trigger blood vessel growth and scar tissue formation for those cells that cannot divide
- Function of these cells are lost

Question 11

What occurs in chronic inflammation?

Answer 11

• prolonged inflammation
• Macrophages are the star!*
• thickening and scarring of connective tissue
• May also be subcliical*

Question 12

Why are macrophages the star of chronic inflammation? (3)

Answer 12

1. release tissue thromboplastin
   - facilitates hemostasis, promotes fibroblasts
   – removes necrotic tissue and pathogens (debridement), continuous release of pro-inflammatory cells

Question 13

Why can chronic inflammation be subclinical? (3, 4)

Answer 13

1. No overt symptoms
   - more systemic manifestations
2. Investigate through blood tests, CRP (C-reactive protein released from liver) and ESR (How fast blood drops)
3. May need a WBC scan to identify areas of inflammation

Note that it is very hard to diagnose and pt is tired all the time

Question 14

Outcomes of acute inflammation diagram