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NURS2500: Pathophysiology/Pharmacology/Assessment > Week 5 - IV Fluids: Crystalloids and Colloids > Flashcards

Week 5 - IV Fluids: Crystalloids and Colloids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of isotonic IV fluids? (2)

A
  • expands only the ECF
  • used frequently
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2
Q

What is the purpose of hypotonic IV fluids? (3)

A
  • provides more water than electrolytes
  • dilutes the ECF
  • moves water into cells
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3
Q

What is the purpose of hypertonic IV fluids? (2)

A
  • initially raises the osmolality of ECF and expands it (very dangerous)
  • draws out fluid out of cells
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4
Q

Why can hypertonic IV fluids be dangerous? (3)

A
  • used relatively infrequently in special circumstances
  • need special monitoring
  • chance for intravascular fluid volume excess and cellular dehydration
    so probably good for someone w/ low amount of salt
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5
Q

What is the maintenance of IV fluids? When do we use IV as replacements?

A

maintenance - when oral intake is not adequate
Replacements - when losses have occurred

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6
Q

What are crystalloids?

A
  • fluids for IV administration that supply water and electrolytes
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7
Q

What is the purpose of crystalloids? (2)

A
  • help to maintain osmotic gradient between extravascular and intravascular compartments
  • have a plasma volume-expanding capacity that is related to sodium concentration
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8
Q

What are crystalloid IV solutions composed of? (20

A
  • fluid and electrolytes that are normally found in the body
  • do not contain proteins (colloids)
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9
Q

In what situations would crystalloids be used? (6)

A
  1. better for treating dehydration than for expanding plasma volume
  2. Used as maintenance fluids
    - to compensate for insensible fluid losses
    - to replace fluids
    - to manage specific fluid and electrolyte disturbances
    - to promote urinary flow
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of crystalloid saline solutions?

A
  1. Normal Saline - NS 0.9%
  2. 0.45 Normal saline - 1/2 NS
  3. 3% saline
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of normal saline? (3)

A
  • isotonic
  • no calories
  • slightly more NaCl than ECF
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12
Q

What does normal saline do to IV volume and ICF volume? (4)

A
  1. Expands IV volume
    - preferred fluid for immediate response
    - risk for fluid overload higher
  2. Does not change ICF volume
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13
Q

What are characteristics of 0.45% Normal Saline? (3)

A
  • Hypotonic
  • Free water, Na, Cl-
  • overuse may lead to cellular swelling (bc more salt in cell)
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14
Q

What does 0.45% NS promote?

A
  • movement of water from ECF to ICF
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of 3% saline? (5)

A
  • hypertonic
  • must be administered slowly and with extreme caution
  • may cause dangerous intravascular volume overload and pulmonary edema
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16
Q

What are the 3 types of crystalloid Dextrose Solutions?

A
  1. Dextrose 5% in water - D5W
  2. Dextrose 10% in water - D10W
  3. Dextrose 5% in 0.45% Normal Saline - D5 1/2 NS
17
Q

What are the characteristics of D5W? (2) tonicity and calories

A
  • isotonic (in the bag)
  • Provides 170 kcal/L
18
Q

What does D5W do in free water? ICF? (3)

A

Free water - becomes hypotonic
- moves into ICF
- caution with increased intracranial pressure

19
Q

What are the characteristics of D10W? (4) ie. tonicity, calories, limitation

A
  • hypertonic
  • Provides 340 kcal/L
  • free water
  • upper limit of dextrose concentration that may be infused peripherally
20
Q

What are the characteristics of Dextrose 5% in 0.45% Normal Saline (D5 1/2NS)? (2)

A
  • provides calories
  • prevents ketosis
    hypertonic in bag, hypotonic in the body
21
Q

Multiple Electrolyte solutions are a type of crystalloid IV solution. WHat are they? (3)

A
  • lactated ringer’s (LR or RL)
  • isotonic
  • more similar to plasma than NS
22
Q

What are multiple electrolyte solutions composed of? (3)

A
  • Has less NA CL than NS
  • Has, K, Ca, PO4, lactate (metabolized to HCO3)
    it is electrolyte based
23
Q

What is the purpose of using multiple electrolyte solutions? (2)

A
  • expands ECF
  • Common replacement fluid
24
Q

What are colloid IV solutions? (3)

A
  • aka plasma expanders
  • protein substances that increase the colloidal osmotic pressure (COP) and move fluid from the interstitial compartment to the plasma compartment
  • when the protein level in the blood falls, fluid shifts out of the blood vessels and into tissues
    – colloids are used to treat this condition
25
Q

What are the indications for colloids? (2)

A
  • treat a wide variety of conditions
  • are superior to crystalloids in plasma volume expansion but are more expensive
26
Q

What are the contraindications of administering colloids? (3)

A
  • known drug allergy
  • hypervolemia
  • severe electrolyte disturbance
27
Q

Name some common colloids (5)

A
  • Dextran 70
  • Dextran 40
  • Hetastarch
  • 5% albumin
  • 25% albumin
    given when severe low albumin

NURS2500: Pathophysiology/Pharmacology/Assessment (107 decks)

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