Week 12 - Glucose Regulation Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
What is glucose? (2)
A
- inside the cells
- converted to ATP for cellular energy and function
2
Q
What are the functional units of the pancreas?
A
islets of langerhans (<2% of the gland)
3
Q
What are the 2 cells that we learned in the islets of Langerhans?
A
alpha and beta cells
other cells are delta (somatostatin) and PP (pancreatic polypeptide)
4
Q
What do alpha cells produce and secrete?
A
- glucagon
5
Q
What do beta cells produce and secrete?
A
insulin
6
Q
How the body regulates glucose diagram***
A
7
Q
What is the normal range for blood sugar?
A
4-6 mmol/L
8
Q
What does insulin do to blood sugar? (2)
A
- lowers blood sugar
- Continuously released (basal rate) into the body, with increased amount released after eating (bolus rate)
9
Q
What are the functions of insulin? In other words, why is insulin needed in the body? (5)
A
- Required for glucose uptake in skeletal, fat, and heart muscle
- Suppress liver production of glucose and promotes glycogenesis
- Increase proteins and lipids synthesis (triglyceride storage)
- Inhibits ketogenesis (fat to glucose) and gloconeogenesis (protein to glucose)
- Converts excess glucose to free fatty acids
10
Q
What does glucagon do the blood glucose? (2)
A
- raises blood glucose
- released in response to low levels of blood glucose, protein ingestion, and exercise
11
Q
what is the function of glucagon?
A
- Counter regulatory to insulin
- Stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
- Stimulate glucose to be released from the liver
12
Q
the liver converts and stores glucose as _____
A
glycogen
13
Q
What causes impaired glucose regulation? (3)
A
- Diabetes Mellitus (diabetes = fountain, mellitus =honey)
- Multi-system disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both
- metabolism disorder impacting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
