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Step 1 > Test 60 > Flashcards

Test 60 Flashcards

1
Q

increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine amiontransferase

A

hepatcellular damage

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2
Q

increased alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl

AST > ALTtranspeptidase

A

bilitary injury

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3
Q

labs that have greatest prognostic significance in pts w/ cirrhosis

A

impaired biosynthetic capacity:
serum albumin
prothrombin time

imapired transport/metabolic capacity:
bilirubin

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4
Q

observer bias

A

investigators decision is affected by prior knowledge of exposure status

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5
Q

selection bias

A

subjects are selected for a study or from selective losses during follow up

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6
Q

confounding

A

part of exposure-disease relationship can be explained by another variable

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7
Q

wheal observed from an insect sting

A

Type I hypersensitivity

allergens in insect venom> Ab class switching to IgE>
subsequent exposure>
degranulation of mast cella nd basophils>
release of histamine/heparin

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8
Q 
Depressed mood occuring most days for at least 2 years+
2 of the following:
pooor appetite
insomnia
low energy
low self esteem
poor concentration
feeling of helplessness
A

dysthymic disorder

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9
Q

major depression

A

at least 5 sxs are present for at least 2 weeks

SIGECAPS

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10
Q

wound at 5th intercostal space along left midclavicular line

A

left lung

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11
Q

left ventricle

A

reaches as far as 5th intercostal space at left midclavicular line

*all 4 champers lie medial ot the line

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12
Q

thoracocentesis

A

ABOVE the o7th rib in the midclavicular line
9th rib midaxillayr line
11th rib along posterior scapula

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13
Q

insertion of needle below 9th rib at the middle axiallary line

A

liver injury

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14
Q

cause of alteration in gene expression in huntington disease

A

deacetylation of histones

prevents trxn of certain genes that code for neurotrophic factors> neuronal cell death

inhibits histone acetyltransferase

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15
Q

hypoacetylated histones

A

bind tight to DNA

prevent trxn of gnes in associated regions

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16
Q

can cause release of ANP and BNP from ventricular myocytes>

natriuresis and diuresis

A

ventricular hypertrophy**

volume overload

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17
Q

reperfusion injury

A

resutls from rgeneration of oxygen free radicals

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18
Q

reflects osteoBLASTIC activity

A

alkaline PHOSPHATASE

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19
Q

Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase
urinary hydroxyproline
urinary deoxypyridinolone**most reliable

A

osteoCLASTIC activity

20
Q 
Necrotizing fasciitis
pYR positive
beta hemomlytic
Gram + cocci
grows in chains
A

S. pyogenes (GAS)

PYR positive

21
Q

candida albicans associations

A

wearing dentures
diabetes
immunosuppression

22
Q

tx for absence AND tonic clonic

A

sodium valproate

23
Q

ehtosuximide

A

ONLY absence

24
Q

phenytoin

A

tonic clonic seizures

25
Q

carbamezapine

A

complex partial seizures

generalized tonic clonic

26
Q

oculomotor dysfxn
ataxia
confusion

A

wernicke syndrome

MOst resolve after thiamine administration

27
Q

korsakoff syndrome

A

complication of Wernicke encephalopathy

permanent memory loss and confabulation

28
Q

uninhibited bladder contractions tx

A

urge incontinence

ANTIMUSCARINIC DRug (M3 receptors)–oxybutynin

29
Q

ADULT onset ASTHMA
eosinophilia
p-ANCA
mononeuropathy–> wrist drop

A

Churg Strauss syndrome

30
Q

pANCA

A

antibodies against neutrophil myeloperoxidase

31
Q

chronic restrictive granulomatous interstitial lung disease

elevated ACE levels

A

Sarcoidosis

32
Q

hemoptysis

circulating autoAbs agasinst a-3 chain of collagen IV> damage alveolar and glomerular basement membranes

A

Goodpasture syndrome

33
Q

inhibit synthesis of ergosterol by fungal p450 enzyes

suppress human p450> drug drug itneractions

A

itraconazole

34
Q

amphotericin B

A

binds ergosterol in cell membrane> pore foramtion/cell lysis

35
Q

Terbinafine

A

accumulates in hair/nails

inhibits fungal squalene 2,3 epoxidase

36
Q

how does shigella gian acess?

A

M cells in peyers patches in ileum through endycoytosis

37
Q

how does TPN induce gallstone formation

A

secondary to bile stasis d/t ABSENT enteral stimulation/disturbance of enterohepatic bile acid cirucliont in those w/ ileal resections

38
Q

complications of recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis

A

dehydration

HYPOkalemia d/t high volume, hypo tonic urine

39
Q

key GFs that promote angiogneesis in neoplastic nad granulation tissue

A

VEGF and FGF

40
Q

how do proinflammatory cytokines indirectly promote angiogenesis

A

IL-1 and IFNy thorugh increased VEGF expression

41
Q

progressive dyspnea
fine crackles
clubbing
diffuse reticular opacities

A

interstitial lungn disease>

pulmonary fibrois w/ thickening and stiffening of pulmonary interstitium

42
Q

What causes supernormal expiratory flow rates (higher than normal) in pts w/ interstitial lung disease?

A 
pulmonary fibrois>
increased elastic recoil>
airway wideningi d/t outward pulling>
decrease in airflow resistance>
supernormal expiratory flow rates
43
Q

anaplastic tumors

A

bear NO resemblance to the tissue of origin

pleomorphic cells w/ large hypochoromiatic nuclei that gorw in a disorganized fashion

44
Q

atrial myxoma histological findings

A

scattered cells w/in a mucopolysaccharide stroma

large peduculated mass in left atrium

45
Q

leads to strictures and fistulas in Chrons

A

TRANSMURAL INFLAMMATIoN

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