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Test 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary collagen in mature scars?

A

Type I

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2
Q

What causes a lingual thyroid?

A

Failure of migration of the thyroid gland that can form along any part of the thyroglossal duct’s usual path

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3
Q

Lethargy, feeding problems, constipation, macroglossia, umbilical hernia, large fontaneles, dry skin, hypothermia nad prolonged juandice are signs of….

A

Hypothyroidism in a child

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4
Q

Disorders of defective migration

A
  1. Kallmann’s syndrome

2. Cryptochidism-failure of testes to migrate from inra-abdominal location to scrotum

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5
Q

Defective differentiation

A

Leukemias (APML–high dose retinoic acid therapy to overcome defect)

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6
Q

Defective apoptosis

A

Type I diabetes (cells undergo apoptosis even though they’re still needed)

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7
Q

Fusion

A

Thyroid follicles and parafollicular C cells fuse together

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8
Q

high proliferation

A

increased cell number by mitosis

liver, GI epithelium, bone marrow

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9
Q

low proliferation

A

cardiac and neuron cells

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10
Q

Brown adipose tissue removal

A

Hypothermia

In newborns/hibernating animals.

Produce heat by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation with the protein thermogenin.

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11
Q

Precursor for coenzymes FMN and FAD

A

B2

riboflavin

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12
Q

Decreased succinate dehydrogenase activity?

A

Riboflavin B2

converts succinate to fumarate

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13
Q

Krebs cycle?

A 
Citrate
is
krebs
starting
substrate
for
making
oxaloacetate
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14
Q

B2 role in ETC?

A 
FMN= complex I
FAD= complex II
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15
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in PPP?

A

G6PD

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16
Q

Role of PPP?

A

supplies NADPH for glutathione reduction in RBC

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17
Q

P glycoprotein

A

Transmembrane ATP dependent efflux pump that has a broad specificity for hydrophobic compounds

Inhibits action of chemotherapeutic agents (anti-cancer drugs)> resistance

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18
Q

Mediates effects of hormones that promote anabolism (insulin, ILGF, PDGF)

A

TK

Puts things TOGETHER

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19
Q

cAMP

A

second messenger in GPCR/AC second messenger system

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20
Q

CAMs

A

proteins located on cell surface that mediate binding to other cells (selectins, integrins, cadherins)

*down regulated in malignant tumors to allow for psread

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21
Q

What prevents cerebral hypoperfusion upon standing?

A

a1-mediated vasoconstriction

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22
Q

What drugs can cause orthostatic hypotension?

A

a-adrenergic blockers

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23
Q

Block alpha 2 receptors?

A

release NE and Insulin

Activate alpha 2- decrease SNS

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24
Q

Block B1 receptors

A

bradycardia
decreased contractility
slow conductance

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25
Q

Stimulate B2 receptors

A

bronchodilation
vasodilation (in skeletal muscles)
uterine relxation

26
Q

Block B2 receptors

A

peripheral vasoconstriction

bronchoconstriction

27
Q

Watery diarrhea caused by an ENTEROTOXIN. No fecal leukocytes or red cells. Just mucous and some sloughed epithelial cells.

A

V. Cholerae
E. Coli

DO NOT invade mucosa or kill cells

28
Q

Oxidase positive, gram negative, comma shaped organism that can grow on high alkaline media

A

V. cholerae

acquired through contaminated water

29
Q

Dysentery/inflammatory diarrhea+ RBC and neutrophillic predominance

A

invasiv organism

EIEC
C. jejuni
Salmonella
Shigella

30
Q

Diarrhea with peripheral eosiniophila

A 
strongloides
ancylostoma
ascaris
toxocara
Trichinella
31
Q

Diarrhea with leukocytes with monocytic predominance

A

Typoid fever caused by salmonella

32
Q

Projection

A

Misattribution of one’s unacceptable feeling/impulses on another person who doesn’t actually have them

33
Q

What is the MC cause of adrenal insufficiency?

A

Depression of HPA axis (occurs at ALL 3 levels) by glucocorticoid therapy>
adrenal crisis if glucocorticoid dose isn’t increased

low CRH
low ACTH
low Cortisol

34
Q

What is the drug of choice for treating heroine addiction and abuse?

A

Methadone (mu receptor agonist)

35
Q

What characteristic of Methadone suppresses withdrawal sxs in heroine dependent pts?

A

Long half life> suppresses w/drawal sxs

Potent, long acting, good oral bioavailability

36
Q

What acts as a vasodilator in small coronary arterioles?

A

ATP

37
Q

What innervates the skin on the sole of the foot?

A

Tibial nerve

38
Q

What innervates the skin on the anterior thigh?

A

cutaneous branch of femoral nerve

39
Q

What innervates the skin of the medial leg?

A

cutaneous branch of saphenous nerve

40
Q

What innervates the dorsum of the foot except for the great toe and second toe?

A

superficial peroneal nerve

deep peroneal to first and second toe

41
Q

What causes alkaptonuria?

A

def of homogenistic acid and impaired breakdown of tyrosine to fumarate

accumulated homogentisic acid causes pigment deposits in CT in the body (sclera and ear cartilage)

42
Q

urine turns black when exposed to air

A

alkaptonuria

43
Q

Defective conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine

A

PKU

44
Q

Defect in tyrosinase leading to decreased production of melanin from DOPA

A

Albinism

45
Q

Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenease deficiency

A

Maple syrup urine disease (burnt sugar smell of affected pt’s urine)

46
Q

Preformed anti-donor Abs in recipient attack transplanted organ

A

Type II hypersensitivity

Hyperacute rejection–occurs w/in minutes and is dx d/t mottling and cyanosis of organ (graft must be removed)

47
Q

Competent donor T cells are transplanted into an immunocompromised pt and attack the recipient’s organs> severe organ dysfunction

A

Graft vs. Host disease

maculopaular rash, jaundice, diarrhea, hepatsplenomegaly

48
Q

What type of rejection is commonly observed in liver and bone marrow transports (lymphocyte rich organs)

A

Graft vs. host

49
Q

Exposure to donor ag induces humoral/celluar activation of naive immune cells w/in <6 months

A

Acute transplant reaction

50
Q

Chronic, low grade immune response refractory to immunosuppressants that occurs in months to years

A

Chronic transplant rejection

**arteriosclerosis

51
Q

Can be located anywhere upstream, downstream or even w/in a transcribed gene.

A

Enhancer/repressor

52
Q

Located 25-70 bases upstream from their associated genes

A

Promoters

53
Q

Subcutaneous mycosis caused by a thornprick leading to nodules that spread along lymphatics

A

Sporothrix schenckii (dimorphic fungus)

common in gardeners

54
Q

Recent antibiotic use (fungus)

A

superficial candida (oral thrush)

55
Q

Cellulitis related to freshwater or seawater exposure

A

Aeromonas and vibrio vulnificus

56
Q

Exposure to bats/bird droppings in Ohio/Mississippi

A

Histoplasmosis> lung disease (acts like TB)

57
Q

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis that occurs d/t deposition of IgA containing IC following URI. Manifests w/ palpable lower extremity purpura, abdominal pain, arthralgias, renal involvement

A

Henoch Schonlein purpura

Young males 3-10 y/o w/ systemic vasculitis

58
Q

How do you prevent neonatal tetanus?

A

hygienic delivery and umbilical cord care and universal immunization of women who are pregnant or may become pregnant

(immunized mothers provide passive immunity via IgG until infants can be vaccinated at 2 mos)

59
Q

What causes hte formation of more soluble collagen that doesn’t crosslink w/ other collagen molecules?

A

imapired cleavage of procollagen

60
Q

What chemotherapeutic agent inhibits the sealing activity of topo II leading to chromosomal breaks to accumulate in dividing cells?

A

eTWOposide

61
Q

What two drugs inhibit topo I and induce single strand breaks in DNA ?

A

Iriniotecan

topotecan

62
Q

A pt w/ myasthenia gravis who is being treat improves after being given edrophonium. What does this indicate?

A

The pt is undertreated (myasthenic crisis)

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