Test 13 Flashcards
What is the primary collagen in mature scars?
Type I
What causes a lingual thyroid?
Failure of migration of the thyroid gland that can form along any part of the thyroglossal duct’s usual path
Lethargy, feeding problems, constipation, macroglossia, umbilical hernia, large fontaneles, dry skin, hypothermia nad prolonged juandice are signs of….
Hypothyroidism in a child
Disorders of defective migration
- Kallmann’s syndrome
2. Cryptochidism-failure of testes to migrate from inra-abdominal location to scrotum
Defective differentiation
Leukemias (APML–high dose retinoic acid therapy to overcome defect)
Defective apoptosis
Type I diabetes (cells undergo apoptosis even though they’re still needed)
Fusion
Thyroid follicles and parafollicular C cells fuse together
high proliferation
increased cell number by mitosis
liver, GI epithelium, bone marrow
low proliferation
cardiac and neuron cells
Brown adipose tissue removal
Hypothermia
In newborns/hibernating animals.
Produce heat by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation with the protein thermogenin.
Precursor for coenzymes FMN and FAD
B2
riboflavin
Decreased succinate dehydrogenase activity?
Riboflavin B2
converts succinate to fumarate
Krebs cycle?
Citrate is krebs starting substrate for making oxaloacetate
B2 role in ETC?
FMN= complex I FAD= complex II
Rate limiting enzyme in PPP?
G6PD
Role of PPP?
supplies NADPH for glutathione reduction in RBC
P glycoprotein
Transmembrane ATP dependent efflux pump that has a broad specificity for hydrophobic compounds
Inhibits action of chemotherapeutic agents (anti-cancer drugs)> resistance
Mediates effects of hormones that promote anabolism (insulin, ILGF, PDGF)
TK
Puts things TOGETHER
cAMP
second messenger in GPCR/AC second messenger system
CAMs
proteins located on cell surface that mediate binding to other cells (selectins, integrins, cadherins)
*down regulated in malignant tumors to allow for psread
What prevents cerebral hypoperfusion upon standing?
a1-mediated vasoconstriction
What drugs can cause orthostatic hypotension?
a-adrenergic blockers
Block alpha 2 receptors?
release NE and Insulin
Activate alpha 2- decrease SNS
Block B1 receptors
bradycardia
decreased contractility
slow conductance
Stimulate B2 receptors
bronchodilation
vasodilation (in skeletal muscles)
uterine relxation
Block B2 receptors
peripheral vasoconstriction
bronchoconstriction
Watery diarrhea caused by an ENTEROTOXIN. No fecal leukocytes or red cells. Just mucous and some sloughed epithelial cells.
V. Cholerae
E. Coli
DO NOT invade mucosa or kill cells
Oxidase positive, gram negative, comma shaped organism that can grow on high alkaline media
V. cholerae
acquired through contaminated water
Dysentery/inflammatory diarrhea+ RBC and neutrophillic predominance
invasiv organism
EIEC
C. jejuni
Salmonella
Shigella
Diarrhea with peripheral eosiniophila
strongloides ancylostoma ascaris toxocara Trichinella
Diarrhea with leukocytes with monocytic predominance
Typoid fever caused by salmonella
Projection
Misattribution of one’s unacceptable feeling/impulses on another person who doesn’t actually have them
What is the MC cause of adrenal insufficiency?
Depression of HPA axis (occurs at ALL 3 levels) by glucocorticoid therapy>
adrenal crisis if glucocorticoid dose isn’t increased
low CRH
low ACTH
low Cortisol
What is the drug of choice for treating heroine addiction and abuse?
Methadone (mu receptor agonist)
What characteristic of Methadone suppresses withdrawal sxs in heroine dependent pts?
Long half life> suppresses w/drawal sxs
Potent, long acting, good oral bioavailability
What acts as a vasodilator in small coronary arterioles?
ATP
What innervates the skin on the sole of the foot?
Tibial nerve
What innervates the skin on the anterior thigh?
cutaneous branch of femoral nerve
What innervates the skin of the medial leg?
cutaneous branch of saphenous nerve
What innervates the dorsum of the foot except for the great toe and second toe?
superficial peroneal nerve
deep peroneal to first and second toe
What causes alkaptonuria?
def of homogenistic acid and impaired breakdown of tyrosine to fumarate
accumulated homogentisic acid causes pigment deposits in CT in the body (sclera and ear cartilage)
urine turns black when exposed to air
alkaptonuria
Defective conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine
PKU
Defect in tyrosinase leading to decreased production of melanin from DOPA
Albinism
Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenease deficiency
Maple syrup urine disease (burnt sugar smell of affected pt’s urine)
Preformed anti-donor Abs in recipient attack transplanted organ
Type II hypersensitivity
Hyperacute rejection–occurs w/in minutes and is dx d/t mottling and cyanosis of organ (graft must be removed)
Competent donor T cells are transplanted into an immunocompromised pt and attack the recipient’s organs> severe organ dysfunction
Graft vs. Host disease
maculopaular rash, jaundice, diarrhea, hepatsplenomegaly
What type of rejection is commonly observed in liver and bone marrow transports (lymphocyte rich organs)
Graft vs. host
Exposure to donor ag induces humoral/celluar activation of naive immune cells w/in <6 months
Acute transplant reaction
Chronic, low grade immune response refractory to immunosuppressants that occurs in months to years
Chronic transplant rejection
**arteriosclerosis
Can be located anywhere upstream, downstream or even w/in a transcribed gene.
Enhancer/repressor
Located 25-70 bases upstream from their associated genes
Promoters
Subcutaneous mycosis caused by a thornprick leading to nodules that spread along lymphatics
Sporothrix schenckii (dimorphic fungus)
common in gardeners
Recent antibiotic use (fungus)
superficial candida (oral thrush)
Cellulitis related to freshwater or seawater exposure
Aeromonas and vibrio vulnificus
Exposure to bats/bird droppings in Ohio/Mississippi
Histoplasmosis> lung disease (acts like TB)
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis that occurs d/t deposition of IgA containing IC following URI. Manifests w/ palpable lower extremity purpura, abdominal pain, arthralgias, renal involvement
Henoch Schonlein purpura
Young males 3-10 y/o w/ systemic vasculitis
How do you prevent neonatal tetanus?
hygienic delivery and umbilical cord care and universal immunization of women who are pregnant or may become pregnant
(immunized mothers provide passive immunity via IgG until infants can be vaccinated at 2 mos)
What causes hte formation of more soluble collagen that doesn’t crosslink w/ other collagen molecules?
imapired cleavage of procollagen
What chemotherapeutic agent inhibits the sealing activity of topo II leading to chromosomal breaks to accumulate in dividing cells?
eTWOposide
What two drugs inhibit topo I and induce single strand breaks in DNA ?
Iriniotecan
topotecan
A pt w/ myasthenia gravis who is being treat improves after being given edrophonium. What does this indicate?
The pt is undertreated (myasthenic crisis)
