Test 32 Flashcards
0,8
right atrium
4, 25
RV
9,25
Pulmonary artery
2,12
left atrium
9, 130
left ventricle
70, 130
Aorta
recurrent infections by neisseria species
deficiency of complement factors
high fever chills altered mentaiton petechial skin rash septic shock
neisseria induced small vessel vasculitis
tx for N. meningitidis
ceftriaxone at least 2 weeks
1/ARR
NNT
Lower NNT > more beneficial treatment
MOA of cocaine
inhibits presynaptic reuptake of NE, DA, 5HT
agitation
tachycardia
HTN
light repsponsive mydriasis
increased SNS activity
Cocaine
potent vasoconstrictor that can cause myocardial ischemia (due to increased SNS activity) and atrophy of nasal mucosa/septum (intranasal use)
cocaine
blocks tyrosine hydoxylase>
decreased levels of catecholamines/SNS effects
metyrosine
conversion of tyrosine to DOPA
blocks monoamine entry into presynaptic vesicles> sympatholytic effects
Reserpine
COMT inhibitors that PROLONG the effects of levodopa tx in pts w/ parkinsons
entacapone
tocalpone
sensation of excessive motion compared to physical reality
vertigo
dysfunction in vestibular system
Neonate w/ swellin gof the hands (lymphedema) and cystic hygromas (cystic spaces separated by CT rich in lymphoid aggregates)
TUrners
**d/t abnormalities of lymph outflow
cystic hygroma
tumors usually located on the neck that are present at birth
roud face
microcephaly
ccat like cry
cri du caht
neonate w/ 46 XY that appears to be a phenotypically normal female but has a blind ended vaginal pouch with NO uterus
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
- defect in testosterone receptors
- this pt would develop testes b/c testosterone
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor used in pts w/ intermittent claudication
Cilostazol
Inhibits platelet aggregation (increasing cAMP) and is a direct arterial vasodilator
Cilostazol
*good treatment for peripheral artery disease
direct thrombin inhibitor largely used to tx heparin induced thrombocytopenia
agratroban
competitive inhibitor of Vit K epoxide reductase used to tx/prevent thromboembolic events
warfarin
short t1/2 that activates antithrombin to cdecrase thrombin and factor XA
Heparin
*prevents thromboembolic events
converts plasminogen to plasmin to aid in fibrinoilysis
tPA
block the platelet ADP receptor, allowing Gp+ IIb/IIIa to function apropriately
ticlodipine
clopidogrel
monoclonal ab that inhibits platelet aggregation by targeting IIb/IIIa receptor
abciximab
well known SE of hypolipidemic drugs
myopathy> elevated creatine kinase (sign of muscle damage)
hepatotoxicity
decrease incidence of second MI and mortality in pt’s w/ previous MI
statins
tumbling MOTILE gram positive rods that produce narrow zone of b hemolysis
grow well at refrigerated temps
listeria monocytogenes
what is needed to eliminate l. monocytogenes
intact cell mediated immunity
why is it bad if neonates get l. monocytogenes
up to 3 mos they’re vulneragble b/c cell mediated immunity hasn’t developed
varicella IgG Abs suggest
antecedent PRIMARY VZV infection (conver immunity against chicken box but not HZ which is why it can reactivate)
IgM> IgG
why is skeletal muscle resistat to the effect of Ca channel blockers
does NOT require an influx of extracellular Ca for excitation contraction coupling
this muscle type depends on extracellular Ca entering the cell via VG L type Ca channels for excitation contraction coupling
cardiac adn smooth
target of verapamil and Ca channel blockers
VG Ca channels on cardiac and smooth muscle
how long does it take to lose cardiomyocyte contractitily after onset of total ischemia
60 seconds
restoration of blood flow that leads to reversible contractile dysfunction
myocardial stunning
30 minutes of total ischemia
irreversible injury
murmur of aortic stenosis
crescendo/decrescendo murmur
starts afte hte first heart sound and ends
contraindications for OCPS
prior thromboembolitic event/stroke estrogen dep tumor women over 35 who smokes heavily hypertriglyceridemia liver disease pregnancy
arises from the lateral aspect of the mid pons
CN 5
dorsolateral aspect of cuadal pons at pontomedullary jxn
facial nerve
arises from preolivary sulcus at level of rostral medulla
CN 12
arises at level of superior oclliculus and red nculeus which are loated in the rostral mesencephalon (mid brain)
CN 8
arises from midbrain at level of inferior colliculus
trochlear
only nerve to decussate bbefore innervating its target
CN 4
only sensory pathway that doesn’t relay to the thalamus
smell
spinothalamic
DCML
VPL
VPM
trigeminal (face sensation)
gustatory (taste)
LGN
Vision
light
MGN
Hearing
music
VL
motor
MC cause of excessive daytime sleepiness in the US
Obstructive sleep apnea
daytime sleepiness
morning HA
depression
obstrutive sleep apnea
rathke's pouch (AP) lens and cornea inner ear organs olfactory epithelium nasal/oral epithelial linigns epidermis salivary/sweat/mammary glands
surface ectoderm
brain spinal cord Post pit pineal gland retina
neural tue
surface ctoderm
neural tube
neural crest
ectoderm
mesoderm
muscle
bone
CT
serous linings of cavities
endoderm
GI tract liver pancrease lungs thymus PTH middle ear bladdder urethra
first line treatment for partial seizures and benign essential tremor
primidone
active metabolites are phenobarbital and phenylehtylmalonamide
SE: sedation
these cells move to an area of ischemic infarct 3-5 days after onset of ischemia and phagocytize gragments of neurons, myelin and necrotid depris
microglia
phagocytosis of myelin breakdown products leads to a lot of lipids in cytoplasm
muffled heart sounds
elevated JVD
profound HYPOtension
pericardial tamponade
what cuases profoudn hypotension in pericardial tamponade
free wall rupture limits ventricular filling during diastole. As P increases venous return to heart is reduced>
hypotension and pulseless electrical activity
MC cause of death in pts w/ TCA overdose
refractory hypotension and cardiac arrhytmias d/t inhibition of fast Na channels in cardiac myocytes> prolonged depolarization
block reuptake of NE/5HT and are used to treat depression
TCA
pramipexole
ropinirole
NONergot
Da agonist
ergot DA agonists
bromocriptine (used to tx galactorrhea)
pergolide
increass Da release and increases reuptake
Amantadine
impaired ubiquitin proteasome system contributes to these neurodegenerative disorders
parkinsons
alzheimers
ventricular enlargement d/t brain atrophy that is NOT accompanied by increase in CSF pressure
hydrocephalus ex vacuo
