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Test 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Channeling unacceptable impulses into productive activity

A

altruism

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2
Q

excessive or opposite reaction

A

reaction formation

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3
Q

MCC of opportunistic mycosis

A

Candida albicans (part of normal skin/mucous membrane flora)

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4
Q

Yeast, pseudohyphae and a positive GERM TUBE TEST (tennis rackets). Innoculated at 37 (98.6)

A

Candida

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5
Q

Causes meningitis and lung infections in Aids pts. OVAL BUDDING YEAST WITH THICK CAPSULE. India ink stain w/ clear zone around nucleus.

A

Cryptococcus Neoformas

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6
Q

Oval yeasts cells HIDING in mphages. Mississippi and Ohio River Valles.

A

HISTO HIDES in mphages

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7
Q

Southwestern US and california. Spherules filled w/ endospores.

A

Coccidioides

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8
Q

Elevated pulmonary wedge pressure, pulmonary HTN, decreased vascular compliance, right ventricular dilation, functional tricuspid regurge.

A

Mitral stenosis

Diastolic pressure in LV is usually normal or decreased w/ mitral stenosis

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9
Q

What mediates immunity to myobacterium TB?

A

Th1 cells leads mphage mediated immunity and drive granuloma formation

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10
Q

cytokines cytokines critical in formation and maintenance of granulomas

A

IFN-y
IL-12
TNF-a

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11
Q

Formed after tissue mphages encounter pathogens/substances that can’t be easily digested/removed

A

granulomas

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12
Q

IL-12

A

induces T helper cells to differentiate to TH1

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13
Q

IFNy

A

activates mphages

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14
Q

C3a

A

Stimulates mast cell histamine release leading to increased vascular permeability/vasodilation

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15
Q

IL-4

A

Th to Th-2

B cell growth and isotype switching

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16
Q

IL-5

A

differentiation of B cells and eosinophils

Isotype switching to IgA

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17
Q

LC4, D4, ER

A

vasoconstriction
increased vascular permeability
bronchospasm

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18
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

platelet aggregation
vasoconstriction
bronchoconstriction
leukocyte adhesion

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19
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor

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20
Q

Glucose sensor in pancreatic beta cells

A

Glucokinase–high km> senses high levels of glucose

*inactivation mutations can lead to mild hyperglycemia exacerbated by pregnancy

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21
Q

Converts glucose to glu-6-p in pancreas/liver

A

glucokinase

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22
Q

Allosteric inhibition of glucokinase

A

glu-6-+

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23
Q

MODY enzyme

A

glucokinase defects

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24
Q

What type of twin placentation is most likely present with twins, male and female?

A

Dichorionic/diamnionic

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25
Q

Fertilization of 2 oocytes by 2 different sperm

A

Dizygotic twins

*always have 2 amnions and 2 chorions

26
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

fertilization of single oocyte

*twinning can occur at different stages of embryogenesis which affects fetal membranes

27
Q

Monozygotic twinning (day 0-4)

A

dichorionic/diamnionic

28
Q

Monozygotic twinning (day4-8)

A

Monochorionic

Diamniotic

29
Q

Monozygotic twinning (day 8-12)

A

monochorionic

monoamniotic

30
Q

Monozygotic twinning (>13d)

A

monochorionic monoamniotic conjoined twins

31
Q

Bilateral cleft lip, microencephaly, micropthalamus. Viscera protrude through abdominal wall.

A

Trisomy 13

32
Q

cause of Trisomy 13

A

nondisjunction during maternal meiosis I associated w/ advanced maternal age

33
Q

GI abnormalities associated w/ trisomy 18

A

Meckel’s and malrotation

34
Q

GI abnormalities associated w/ trisomy 21

A

Duodenal atresia

TE fistula

35
Q

47XXX

A

Clinicall silent

woman may have slightly lower IQ scores

36
Q

47XXY

A

Klinefelter syndrome

mild mental retardation or normal.

37
Q

male adult w/ gynecomastia, small testis, infertility

A

Linefelter

38
Q

47XYY

A

Tall stature, severe acne, mild delays in both motor and language development.

Phenotypically normal.

39
Q

Calcium efflux prior to myocyte relaxation

A

Na/Ca exchange mechanisms

+ Ca ATPase

40
Q

Electrical depolarizaiton of cell allows Ca from extracelular flulid to enter cell through..

A

Voltage dependent Ca channels> begins contraction cycle

41
Q

Ryanodine receptors

A

Ca allowed into cell by VG channels stimualtes RR to allow release of larger pool of Ca stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

Troponin C

A

Ca released from sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin C>

tropomyosin moves out of way so actin and myosin can interact and myocardial cell contracts

43
Q

calmodulin

A

binds and activates plasma membrane Ca ATPase>
removes Ca from cell by hydrolyzing ATP

(indirect contributor to efflux)

44
Q

Unsloping left atrial “v wave” during cardiac catheterization

A

mitral regurgitation

*sign of increased LA filling

45
Q

Elevated LV diastolic pressure and decreased aortic pressure

A

aortic regurgitation

46
Q

LV systolic pressure much higher than aortic systolic pressure

A

aortic stenosis

47
Q

Ascites, increased JVD and peirpheral edema

A

RHF (can be assoc. w/ tricuspid regurge)

48
Q

CO formulas

A 
CO= SV x HR
CO= O2 consumption? ateriovenous O2 difference
49
Q

React w/ a3 chain of collagen type IV in GBM

A

anti-GBM antibodies seen in Goodpasture syndrome

50
Q

Pulmonary hemorrhages (hemoptysis and RPGN)

A

Goodpasture

51
Q

Glomerular crescent formation consisting of fibrin and plasma proteins (C3b)

52
Q

Immunofluorescene of RPGN

A

linear deposits of IgG and C2 along GBM

53
Q

Basement membrane splitting

A

Alport syndrome and MPGN type 1 (HPV, HCV)

54
Q

Diffuse capillary and GBM wall thickening

A

Membranous glomerulopathy

55
Q

Nonspecific IgM and C2 deposits in sclerotic areas of glomeruli

56
Q

Children + nephrotic syndrome+ Normal glomeruli

A

MCD

*recent infection

57
Q

2,3 biosphosphoglycerate

A

Increase w/in erythrocytes to increase O2 delivery to perhipheral tissues in presence of lower blood O2 concentration.

2,3-BPG decreases affinity of Hb for O2

58
Q

Lab results associated w/ strongloides stercoralis infeciton

A

rhabditiform (noninfectious) larvae in stool

59
Q

Skin penetration by filariform (infectious) larva)> hyperinfection syndrome characterized by massive dissemination of organism> multiorgan dysfunction and septic shock

A

Strongloides sterocoralis

60
Q

Trophozoites and cysts

A

Protozoal infections from giardia or entamoeba

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