Test 25- HRM Flashcards
what cells is the HALLMARK of an HPV infection?
Koilocytosis
pyknotic superficial or immature squamous cells w/ dense, irregularly staining cytoplasma nd perinuclear clearing
Adolescents w/ an immature HPO axis may experience this for several years following menarche.
Anovulation
Cause of anovulatory cycles
No progesterone is produced and estrogen levels remain high, causing the endometrium to be remain in the proliferative phase>
irregular periods of stromal breakdown w/ variable but usually heavy bleeding
incomplete fusion of the UG folds
hypospadias
becomes the penis in males and the clitoris in femalies
genital tubercle
MC malignant stromal tumor
Granulosa cell tumor
Estrogen secreting primary ovarian tumors that can cause endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal uterine bleeding
Granulosa cell tumors
Granulosa cell tumor predisposes you to waht type of cancer?
endometrial adenocarcinoma
Pt presents w/ severe dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia (painful sex) and infertility
Endometriosis–endometrial glands and stroma oustide the uterus
endometrial glands in the uterine myometrium
adenomyosis
endometrial biopsy on a pt with abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, hemorrhagic shock and hx of amenorrhea
decidual (gestational) changes in the endometrium but no chorionic villi
*see pregnancy related endometrial changes because hormones are still released
straight short endometrial glands and compact stroma
early proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
decidualized endometrium and chorionic villi and embryonic tissue
found w/ an intrauterine pregnancy
atypical endometrial cells that form glands
endometrial adenocarcinoma
Pts w/ PCOS are at risk for developing….
endometrial adenocarcinoma (due to high levels of unopposed estrogen on the endometrium) T2D
WHat happens to endometrial cells upon withdrawal of progesterone?
apoptosis
Tumor suppressor genes MC associated w/ hereditary breast cancer are involved with…
DNA repair of DS DNA breaks
BRCA1/BRCA2 (AD w/ 70-80% risk) of devleoping cancer
*increases risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer
How do you identify the causative organism of syphillis
Treponema pallidum
can be visualized w/ darkfiled microscopy> helical motile organisms
how is a syphillis dx conirmed
serologic testing
VDRL, RPR- cardiolipin (byproduct of infection)
Solid sheets of pleomorphic high grade cells w/ central necrosis
comedocarcinoma
MCC of Candida vaginitis
antibiotic use
Thin, off white discharge w/ fish odor
pH>4.5
Clue cells
Bacterial vaginosis
Metronidazole
Thin, yellow green, malodorous froth discharge
pH>4.5
Motile trichomonads on smear
Trichomoniasis
Metronidazole
Thick white discharge w/ cottage cheese appearance and pseudohyphae
Candida vaginitis
Flucanazole
painless ulcers with later progression to painful inguinal lymphadenopathy and ulceration
Lymphogranuloma venereum
What causes LGV?
Chlamydia trachomatis (L1-L3)
What is LGV characterized by histologically?
chlamydial inclusion bodies in the cell cytoplasm
Tx for LGV
doxycycline
Conditions caused by incomplete obliteration of the processus vaginalis
Hydrocele
Indirect inguinal hernia
- hydrocele- connection between scrotum and abdominal cavity that allows leakage of fluid
- hernia occurs when opening allows protrusion of abdominal organs along inguinal canal
Most likely explanation for an adnexal mass in an elderly female
ovarian malignancy
serum marker for ovarian malignancy
CA-125
CEA
CRC and pancreatic cancers
CA 19-9
Pancreatic cancer
increased AFP
hepatocellular carcinoma
nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors (yolk sac tumors)
Hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas and a gestational trophoblastic tumor all produce…
BhCG
DHEA
may be elevated in pts w/ excess production of adrenal androgens
Where does lymph from the testes drain to?
para-aortic LN
lymph from the scrotum drains to
superficial inguinal LN
situs inversus
chronic sinusitis
bronchiectasis
infertility
primary ciliary dyskinesia
Strongest known RF for development of CIN and invasive cervical carcinoma
HPV (esp 16 and 18)
*early age at first intercourse and multiple partners increases incidence of HPV