Test 35- HRM Flashcards
helps to accelerate fetal lung maturation by stimulating surfactant production
can be assessed through amniocentesis
maternala dn fetal cortisol
blocks THYROID PEROXIDASE inhibiting hte oxidation of iodide and organifcation of iodine>
inhibition of thyroid hormone syntehsis
methimazole
propylthiouracil
*txs hyperthyroidism
thyroid medicaiton used in pregnancy to block peripheral conversion
PTU
protein modification
folding
transfer
well developed in PROTEIN SECRETING CELLS
RER
*ribosmes detaching from the ER would leads to LOF
lacks surface ribosomes
lipid syntehsis
carb metabolism
dextox harmful substances
SER
coverts ANDROGENS to ESTROGENS in ovaries, testes, placenta and peripheral tissues
aromatase
def of this enzyme> accumulation of androgens during pregnancy> ambiguous gexternal genitalia in female infants and maternal virilization
placental aromatase def
decreased synthesis of DHT in male>
underdeveloped exernal genitalia
5 alpha reductase def
primary source of blood glucose after 12-18 hours
gluconeognesis
initial commited step of gluconeogenesis
pyruvate to OAA nad OAA to PEP
primary source of glucose for first 12 hours
glycogenolysis
Glycogen–> Glu1 P
pyruvate is converted to OAA by
pyruvate carboxylase (biotin)
coverts OAA to PEP
PEPCK
fructose 1,6 BP
glucose 6 phosphatase
2 other enzymes in gluconeogenesis that differ from glycolysis
GH stimulates bone, cartilage and soft tissue growth by stimulating the release of….
IGF-1 from the liver
(somatomedin C)
**increased during exercise and slleep
inhibitors of GH
glucose
somatostatine
carrier proteins for oxytocin and ADH
neurophysins carry oxytocin and ADH from site of production to paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
during a water deprivation test, thse pts demonstrate a significant increase in urine osmolarity
low serum Na levels
Primary polydipsia
tx for primary polydipsia
restrict water intake
cofactor needed to covert OAA to citrate
B5
causes hypogonadism by inhibiting the release of GnRH from hypothalamus
hyperprolactinemia
cause hyperprolactinemia by anti-dopaminergic action
risperidone
other antipsychotiscs
increased serum insulin
low c peptide
negative hypoglycemic drugs assay
exogenous insulin
increased insulin
increased c peptide
positive hypoglycemic drug assay
oral hypoglycemic agents
increased insulin
incraesed c peptide
negative hypoglycemic drug assay
insulinoma
TNFa leads to decreased glucose uptake by affecting what rpocess in insulin dep glucose uptake
abberrant serine and threonin residue phsophorylation by serine kinase
releases vWF stored in endotehlium and is used to tx von willebrands diseease
desmopresin
induces enothehlial procoagulatory protein release
increased test secretion or increased conversion of test to DHT
hirsutism
drugs used to tx hirsutism
Spironolactone
Flutamide (inhibits bidning to test receptors)
finasteride (5 alpha reductase inhibitor)
synthetic androgen used to tx endometriosis and herreditary angioedema
danazol
medroxyprogesterone
progesterone only contraceptive administered as IM once every 12 weeks
antiestrogen that interferes w/ NFB of estrogens on hypothalamus and pit
used to tx infertility assoc w/ anovulation
clomiphene
alpha 2 andrenergic receptors affect on insulin secretion
INHIBIT
beta 2 adrenergic recepotrs affect on insulin secretion
STIMulate
Why does SNS stimulation lead to overall inhibition of insulin secretion
SNS stimulates alpha 2 mediated inhibitor affect on insulin
PNS stimulation of M2 receptors from site/smeel of food
promotes insulin secretion
isolated damage to post pit
transient central DI
damage to hypothalamic nuclei (paravent/supraoptic)
permanent central DI
subjects are allocated to seq of 2 or more tx consecutively
washout period added to limit confounding effects of prior tx
Crossover study
- pt serves as OWN control
- bad- tx effect may carry over
select cases w/ a disease
select contros w/out a disease
determine preve exposure status
case control
46XX
clitoromegaly
partial fusion labioscrotal folds
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
21 alpha hydroxylase
progesterone > 11 deoxycorticosterone
21 alpha hydroylase
MC cause of CAH
21 hydroxylase
F w/ increased androgen levels> virilizaiton
M w/ normal genitalia presents later w/ salt wasting and precodcious puberty.
21 hydroxylase
high level of 17 hydroxy progesterone
diagnostic for 21 alpha hydroxylase
All pts appear phenotypically FEMALE d/t imapired androgen synthesis.
Mineralcorticoid excess> salt retention/HTN
17 alpha hydroxylase
increases insulin resistance in overweight individuals
FFA
serum TGs
1 SD from mean
68%
2 SD from mean
95%
3 SD from mean
99.76
Elevated BP lack of secondary sex characteristics blind vagina hypokalemia low test/estradiol 46XY
17 alpha hydroxylase
boys appear phenotypically female
girls develop normal genitlia
hypogonadism
HTN
hypokalemia
17 alpha hydroxyalse def
Male appear normal and present w/ HTN and hypokalemia
11 b hydroxylase
increased production of adrenal androgens
decreased eye movements (opthalmoplagia)
unsteady gait (ataxia)
homeless person
alcohol intoxication
B1 def
B1 def would affect which enzyme in teh TCA cycle
alpha ketoglutarate DH
*requires B1 as cofactor
administration of glucose to thiamine def pts (alcoholics)>
wernicke encephalopathy d/t increased thiamine demand
