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Test 22 Flashcards

1
Q

teratogenic effects of valproate

A

inhibits folATE absorption> neural tube defects

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2
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Turner syndrome

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3
Q

duodenal atresia

A

Down syndrome (bilious vomiting w/out abdominal distension)

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4
Q

Potter Syndrome

A

renal agenesis

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5
Q

Atrialized right ventricle in mothers who take litheium during early pregnancy

A

ebstein’s anomaly

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6
Q

Functions of type II pneumocytes

A

regenerate alveolar lining after injury (proliferate)

surfactant production

*cover 5% of alveolar surface

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7
Q

Derived from monocytes

clear inhaled foreign particles from terminal respiratory units

A

alveolar mphages

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8
Q

pseudostratified cilliated columnar epithelium tapers and becomes a single ciliated cuboidal epithelium

A

respiratory bronchioles

*ciliated cells do NOT line alveolar ducts or air sacs

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9
Q

Club cells

A

secretory cells found in temrinal portions of bronchioles

*regenerative source of ciliated cells

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10
Q

Goblet cells

A

in the respiratory epithelium of bronchi and larger bronchioles

Absent from alveolar mucosa

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11
Q

Increased HR, Increased CO, increased RR to balance tissue O2 consumption and CO2

A

exercise

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12
Q

Increased HR, CO but decrease in PaO2/PaCO2 d/t hypoxemia

A

high altitude

leads to hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis

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13
Q

Decreased CO w/ compensatory tachycardia that leads to hypoxemia

A

PE

Decreased blood flow to left side of heart

Hypoxemia stimulates lung vagal receptors ischemic parenchyma leading to hyperventilatin nad respiratory alkalosis

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14
Q

Carotid sinus massage

A

reflex vagal discharge to SA node, atrial myocytes, AV node>

reduction in HR and CO

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15
Q

Panic attack

A

Raise in HR and CO via SNS stimulatuion, but hyperventilation adn respiratory alkalosis

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16
Q

High cortisol w/ low ACTH

A

Cushing syndrome adrenal adenoma

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17
Q

high cortisol and elevated ACTH levels, suppressed by HIGH dose but not LOW dose dex

A

Cushing syndrome by pituitary adenoma

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18
Q

ACTH and cortisol unchanged after high dose dex test

A

ectopic ACTH production

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19
Q

Pufferfish poisoning

A

terodotoxin

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20
Q

Binds to Na channels inhibiting Na INFLUX and preventing AP conduction

A

Tetrodotoxin (puffer fish)

Saxitoxin (dinoflagellates- red tide)

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21
Q

Paresthesias, weakness, dizziness, nausea, hx of fish consumption

A

Poisoning by puffer fish

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22
Q

Binds to Na channel and keps it OPEN causing persistent depolarization

A

Ciguatoxin (exotic fish, moray eel)

Bratrachotoxin (south american frogs)

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23
Q

person legally designated to make medical decisions in event that pt loses capacity

A

health care proxy

*proxy overrules ALL other possible surrogate decision makers including family members

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24
Q

Monitors and maintains muscle LENGTH

A

muscle spindle system

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25
Q

monitors and maintains muscle FORCE

A

Golgi tendon

26
Q

Located at the junction of muscle and tendon and innervated by 1b sensory axons

27
Q

A-delta fibers

A

thin myelinated nerve fibers that detect temperature and nocicpetive stimuli

*acute pain, retracts hand from stome

28
Q

Connected in parallel w/ extrafusal fibers and innervated by group 1a and II sensory axons that are sensitive to changes in length (mediate the STRETCH reflex)

A

muscle spindles (intrafusal muscle fibers)

29
Q

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors on subcutaneous skin, mesentery, peritoneum, joint capsules

30
Q

SLOWLY adpating mechanoreceptors that exist in skin, subcutaenous tissue and joint capsules

31
Q

prepatellar bursitis

A

Housmaids knee

repeated and prolonged kneeling (roofers, carpenters, plumbers)

Inability to kneel on affected side

32
Q

Anserine bursitis

A

pain along the medial aspect of hte knee from overuse in athletes or from chronic trauma in heavy pts

33
Q

Impaire FA transport into the mitochondria therefore restricting ketone body production

A

carnitene deficiency

34
Q

Myoglobinemia
weakness following exercise
elevated muscle TG
hypoketonemia

A

Skeletal muscle CARNITINE def

35
Q

Hypoglycemia

hypoketonemia

36
Q

Antibiotic that can cause dose-dependent (reversible) cytopenias and dose dependent (irreversible) aplastic anemia

A

Chloramphenicol

37
Q

MOA of chloramphenicol

A

Blocks peptidyl transferase at 50S ribosome

38
Q

Cause of aplastic anemia

A

BM failure d/t SC def (CD34)

39
Q

Infections that cause aplastic anemia

A

parvo B19

EBV

40
Q

Drugs that cause aplastic anemia

A

Carbamezpine
chlormaphenicol
sulfonamides

41
Q

SE of pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clindamycin

42
Q 
SE:
Nephrotoxicity
NM blockade
Ototoxicity
TEratogen
A

Gentamicin

43
Q

Rapid administaration of this drug leads to HISTAMINE release and flushing

A

Vancomycin

44
Q

AB exotoxin that RIBOSYLATES and INACTIVATES EF-2> inhibition of protein synthesis and death

A

Dipthera toxin

45
Q

exotoxin that leads to degradation of lecithin

A

c. perfringes

lecithinase> GAS GANGRENE

46
Q

AB exotoxin > G proteins> increase cAMP> increased insulin production, lymphocyte and neutrophil dysfunction, and increased sensitivity to HISTAMINE

A

Pertussis toxin

47
Q

Toxin that caues inactivation of 60s ribosomal subunit

A

Shigella- shiga toxin

E.coli (EHEC) shiga like toxin

48
Q

RF via antigenic mimicry

A

Group A strep

49
Q

Myobacteria that grows as SERPENTINE cords on enriched media secondary to presence of cord factor (mycoside)

A

Virulent myobacteria

50
Q

Cord factor

A

Mycoside present in virulent strains.

INHBITS mphage maturation and induces release of TNF-alpha.

51
Q

acid fastness

A

common to ALL mycolic acid containing bacteria

*myobacteriuma nd nocardia

52
Q

Sulfatides

A

(surface glycolipids)

Inhibit fusion of lysosomes to phagosomes permitting myobacteria to persist as facultative intracellular organisms w/in phagocytes

53
Q

4 yo w/ difficulty walking (cerebellar ataxia) and frequent respiratory infections has cells that have a high rate of radiation induced genetic mutation.

A

Ataxia telangiectasia

54
Q

Ataxia Telangiectasia

A

AR disorder from defect in DNA repair genes

DNA is HYPERSENSITIVT to ionizing radiation

55
Q

abnormal dilations of capillary vessels

A

telangiectasias

56
Q

neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex

57
Q

Loss of neurons in the SN, presence of Lewy Bodys

A

Parkinsons

58
Q

Atorphy of caudate nucleus

A

Huntingtons

59
Q

Posterior column involvement

A

B12 def

syphillis

60
Q

Increase in number of trinucleotide repeasts in FMR1 gene on X chromosome

A

Fragile X syndrome

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