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Step 1 > Test 27 > Flashcards

Test 27 Flashcards

1
Q

location of compound tubular glands that secrete alkaline mucus

A

Brunner’s glands in the duodenum that secrete into ducts that empty into the crypts of Lieberkuhn

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2
Q

lymphoid aggregates specific to the ileum

A

Peyers patches

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3
Q

L/S ratio greater than 2 indicate

A

adequate surfactant produciton to avoid neonatal hyaline membrane disease

Lecithin production increases after 30,36 weeks, while syphingomyelin levels remain constant during the third trimester

Dipalmitoyl phosphatitoly choline and phosphatidly glycerol are major components of surfactant

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4
Q

recall bias

A

inaccurate recall of past exposure by people in the study–ppl who have stuffered an adverse eent are more liekly to recal RFs than those w/out adverse experiences

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5
Q

Referral bia

A

case and control pops differ d/t to admission/referral practices

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6
Q

detection bias

A

RF itself may lead to extensive diagnostic investigation and increase probability that disease is identified

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7
Q

Lead time bias

A

screening test dx a disease earlier than it would have appeared by natural hx so that hte time from dx until death is prolonged

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8
Q

allocation bias

A

way tx and control groups are assembeled

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9
Q

sampling bias

A

non random sampling of a population–study populatoin has characteristics that differ from the target population

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10
Q

hereditary defect in renal PCT and intestinal AA transporter that prevents resorption of cystine, ornithine, lysine, arginine (COLA) across the intestinal and renal tubular epithleium

A

cystinuria (AR)

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11
Q

what complication is a pt w/ cystinuria at risk for developing

A

excess cystine in the urine can lead to recurrent precipitation of hexagonal cystine STONES> recurrent nephrolithiasis

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12
Q

tx for cystinuria

A 
urinary alkalinization (K citrate, acetazolamide)
chelating agents
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13
Q

octahedron stones

A

calcium oxalate
calcium phosphate

sCuare

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14
Q

rectangular prisms (coffin lids) stones

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite or triple phosphate

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15
Q

Yellow/red-brown diamond or rhombus

A

uric acid

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16
Q

effect of MI on CO

A

sharp DECREASE in CO ouput d/ tloss of myocardium (decreases slope and max height of line)

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17
Q

effect of chronic anemia on CO

A

increases CO to meet metabolic demand of tissues

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18
Q

effect of anaphylaxis on VR and CO

A

VR- decreases, d/t widespread venous and arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability

CO- increases/ d/t increased cardiac contractility to maintain bp

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19
Q

flu like sxs and erythema chronicum migrans following hiking in new hampshire

A

early lyme disease

key LYME pie to the

Flu like sxs/Facial nerve palsy
Arthritis
Cardiac block
Erythema chronicum migrans

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20
Q

AV block and bells palsy after hiking 6 mos ago

A

second stage of lyme’s

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21
Q

chronic assymmetric large joint arthritis and ecephalopathy following hiking months to years ago and bells palsy

A

lymes disease

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22
Q

how do you tx lymes

A

doxycycline

penicillin type antibiotics (ceftriaxone)

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23
Q

lymes transmission

A

borrelia burgdorferia spirochete by bite of ixodes tick in NE of USa nd europe

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24
Q

antimalarial drug used in prevention and tx of p. falciparum

A

mefloquine

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25
Q

transplant pt w/ pneumonia and intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (OWLS EYES)

A

opportunistic infection w/ CMV

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26
Q

enveloped DS DNA virus

A

CMV- common in pts w/ lung transplants, can be treated prophylactically w/ valganciclovir

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27
Q

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

A

nucleolus

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28
Q

APP, presenilin 1, presenilin 2

A

EArly onset alzheimers

APP is located on chrom 21 and is why pts w/ Downs get Alz

29
Q

Apo E4

A

late onset Alz

30
Q

ApoE2

A

decreased risk of Alz

31
Q

Familial hyperhcolesterolemia

A

defect in LDL

32
Q

mutation in b myosin heavy chain

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

33
Q

cardiac SE of doxorubicin (daunorubicin, epirubicin, BICINS)

A

form FREE radicals in the myocardium> dose related dilated CARDIOMYOPATHY>
SXS of L and R ventricular CHF

34
Q

9yo
red colored urine, periorbital edema, mild pedal edema
atopic dermatitis> predisposure to secondary skin infections
impetigo

A

Antecedent skin infection + acute hematuria and edema> PSGN

35
Q

MC cause of acute nephritis in children

A

PSGN

36
Q

Abs form against Ag expressed by GAS during infection. Ab combine w/ AG to form ICs (type III) that are deposited along BM

A

PSGN

GAS- impetigo, cellulitis, pharyngitis

37
Q

second MC cause of CAH

A

11B hydroxylase def

prevents adrenal gland from synthesizing cortisol and aldosterone efficiently laeding to increased production of adrenal androgens d/t aldosterone and cortisol precursors being shifted there. Low cortisol further stimualtes production of ACTH> further increase in adrenal androgens

38
Q

Female born w/ ambiguous genitalia, HTN and HYPOkalemia early in life.

A

11 hydroxylase def

39
Q

MC type of CAH

A

21 hydroxylase def

40
Q

Female w/ ambiguous genitalia (androgen excess) and HYPOTN and HYPOkalemia (mineralcorticoid def)

A

21 hydroxylase def

41
Q

Females are born with NORMAL genitalia but males are undervirillized. AFfected individuals DONT undergo puberty and develop HTN and hypokalemia (excess mineralcorticoids)

A

17a hydroxylase

42
Q

contralateral spastic rigidity
hyperreflexia
paresis (weakness in voluntary movement

A

UMN lesion (can affect any part of pyramidal motor system)

43
Q

caudate nucleus

A

Huntingtons

lesions> chorea and athetosis (slow writhing of fingrs/movements)

44
Q

Integrates body state and emotions with ANS and conscious experience of vsiceral sensations

A

insular cortex

45
Q

initiates movements

lesions> contralateral tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity

A

putamen

46
Q

pure motor weakness affecting contralateral arm, leg and lower face

*contralateral spasticity, hyperrefelxia, positive Babinski

A

Internal capsule stroke

47
Q

MAO inhibitor that can prevent MPTP induced damage of dopaminergic neurons

A

selegiline (delays parkinsons!)

48
Q

Preferred combination for treating Parkinsons

A

Selegiline
Anticholinergics
Amantadine

then levo/carbi introduced

49
Q

Amantadine

A

antiviral influenza agent

has some dopaminergic and anticholinergic actions> can provide mod improvement to Parkinson pt

50
Q

Increases levels of DA in the brain

A

Ldopa

51
Q

carbidopa

A

given with L dopa to increase bioavailability in the brain

52
Q

Peroglide

A

DA agonist, providesmodest improvement in park sxs

53
Q

High fever
cough
confusion
diarrhea

A

Legionella pneumophilia

54
Q

MC lab abnormality seen w/ legionella

A

HYPOnatreamia

sputum shows many neutrophils

55
Q

this disease can be suspected w/ recent exposure to contaminated water (cruise ships, spas,, hotels)

A

Legionella

56
Q

cold agglutinin formation

A

mycoplasma pneumonia (young adults)

57
Q

Healthy volunteers orally inoculated w/ pathogenic strains of c. diff don’t develop signs of infection. Which protective mechanism is responsibel?

A

Intestinal bacteia that are normally present in our flora effectively suppress overgrwoth of d. diff and compete for nutrients and adhesion to the gut

58
Q

class of drugs taht has been showsn to decrease the progression of diabetic nephropathy

A

ACE-I and ARB

59
Q

first line medication for tx of essential HTN

A

HTZ

60
Q

Hormones that use G proteins and cyclic AMP

A

Glucagon
PTH
TSH

(FLAT ChAMP + calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon)

61
Q

Activate PPAR-gamma and alters trxn of genes responsible for glucose and lipid metabolism

A

TDZ–> decrease insulin resistance

62
Q

Activate PPAR-gamma and alters trxn of genes responsible for glucose and lipid metabolism

A

TDZ–> decrease insulin resistance

63
Q

what reduces the risk of non-hereditary ovarian and endometrial cancer

A

OCPs!!

multiparity
breast feeding

64
Q

what is the most potent cerebral vasodilator

A

pCO2

decreases vascular resistance leading to increased cerebral perfusion and ICP

65
Q

affect of COPD on pulmonary resistance

A

chronic hypoxia caused by COPD> pulmonary vasoconstriction

66
Q

MC malignant hepatic lesion

A

metastis form anotehr primary site (breast, lung, colon)

67
Q

MC malignant hepatic lesion

A

metastis form anotehr primary site (breast, lung, colon)

68
Q

Urinary urgency, frequency, hesitency assocaited w/ BACK PAIN in an ELDERLY man

A

metastatic prostate cancer

**strong predilection for BONES

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