Sleep Disordered Breathing

Question 1

What is EMG?

Answer 1

Electromyography, a measure of muscle tension

Question 2

________ is the first-line therapy for sleep apnea.

Answer 2

CPAP

Question 3

Studies have shown that those with higher BMIs have higher _________.

Answer 3

percent maximal EMG ratings on their genioglossus muscle; this means that obesity makes you exert more force to keep your tongue from occluding your pharynx

Question 4

Lying supine decreases your ______ area.

Answer 4

oropharyngeal junction

Question 5

List some predisposing factors for obstructive sleep apnea.

Answer 5

Obesity
CHF
Atrial fibrillation
Refractory hypertension
Type 2 diabetes
Pulmonary hypertension

Question 6

Obstructive sleep apnea prevalence peaks in the _______ decades.

Answer 6

6th and 7th

Question 7

What are some social and familial things that increase risk of obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer 7

Smoking
Alcohol intake
Opiate use
Having a first-degree relative with OSA

Question 8

In what patients is polysomnography indicated?

Answer 8

In those with who complain of sleep disturbances, those with high risk scores on screening surveys, and those who do not have cardiopulmonary co-morbidities

Question 9

Other than CPAP and surgery, what helps reduce obstructive sleep apnea symptoms?

Answer 9

Smoking cessation
Decreasing intake of alcohol and opioids 
Losing weight
Positional therapy
Pharmacotherapy
Nerve stimulation

Question 10

In what cases is tracheostomy indicated?

Answer 10

Patients with life-threatening sleep apnea who are intolerant of other therapies

Question 11

Tonsilectomy and adenoidectomy is most effective in ____________.

Answer 11

children who have obstructive sleep apnea due to enlarged tonsils

Question 12

Differentiate central and obstructive sleep apneas.

Answer 12

Central sleep apneas result from diminished respiratory effort, while obstructive sleep apnea is inability to generate airflow despite continuous effort.