Carcinogenesis and Cancer

Question 1

The ________ of cigarette smokers and E-cigarette smokers are equally affected with pre-cancerous lesions.

Answer 1

airways

Question 2

About ______ percent of lung cancers are caused by tobacco.

Answer 2

90 (with roughly 5% of that being due to second-hand smoke)

Question 3

Studies have shown that risk of ________ goes down after one quits smoking, but never returns to that of never-smokers.

Answer 3

lung cancer

Question 4

Approximately _____ percent of people die within two years of a lung cancer diagnosis.

Answer 4

80

Question 5

Which comes first, metaplasia or dysplasia?

Answer 5

Metaplasia

Question 6

GOLD scores predict ____________.

Answer 6

mortality in those with lung cancer; higher scores have greater mortality

Question 7

Those with obstructive lung diseases (such as chronic bronchitis) have _____ the risk of lung cancer.

Answer 7

4-5 times

Question 8

Demographically, __________ have higher rates of lung cancer.

Answer 8

men, African Americans, and Native Hawaiians

Question 9

Having a ___________ increases relative risk of lung cancer by 3.5 times.

Answer 9

first-degree relative with lung cancer onset before age 60

Question 10

Small-cell lung carcinoma accounts for ______ percent of all lung cancers.

Answer 10

13

Question 11

Of blood tests, ________ predict metastases.

Answer 11

high Alk Phos, high Ca, anemia, and cytopenia

Question 12

Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations are found in ______ percent of non-small cell lung carcinomas.

Answer 12

50-80

Question 13

What drug treats ALK-positive NSCLC?

Answer 13

Crizotinib

Question 14

There are no genetically targeted therapies for ____________.

Answer 14

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 15

Describe solitary pulmonary nodules.

Answer 15

Less than 3 cm
Round or oval
Surrounded by aerated lung
No satellite lesions
No associated atelectasis, pneumonitis, or adenopathy

Question 16

Nodule size correlates with likelihood of malignancy, with nodules of 3 cm having a _____ percent chance of malignancy.

Answer 16

33

Question 17

Before getting a tissue sample, look at _________.

Answer 17

old x-rays, if available

Question 18

If a solitary pulmonary nodule has been stable for ________ years, then evaluation is not needed.

Answer 18

two

Question 19

Central calcifications of solitary pulmonary nodules indicate ________.

Answer 19

that no further treatment is needed

Question 20

After evaluating nodule size, the next consideration is _________.

Answer 20

patient risk level

Question 21

Only consider biopsy in nodules greater than _______ mm.

Answer 21

8

Question 22

What percent of VA patients have 40-pack-year smoking histories?

Answer 22

75%

Question 23

What did the NLST (national lung screening trial) show?

Answer 23

That getting a spiral CT prevents 20% of lung cancer mortality in high-risk patients

Question 24

The five-year survival rate of lung cancer has improved but is still low. In 1964 it was _____, and in 2015 it was _____.

Answer 24

5%; 17%

Question 25

Sputum cytology also predicts _________.

Answer 25

incidence of lung cancer

Question 26

One study has shown that methylation of __________ can predict future risk of lung cancer.

Answer 26

a six-gene panel

Question 27

Her2 is found in _____ percent of NSCLC and ______ percent of SCLC.

Answer 27

10; 5

Question 28

Once again, what is Herceptin’s generic name?

Answer 28

Trastuzumab

Question 29

No follow-up is needed for nodules less than ______ mm in _______ patients.

Answer 29

4; low-risk

Question 30

The NLST found that you only need to screen _______ high-risk patients to find one lung cancer.

Answer 30

320