Hypertension Flashcards
The lifetime risk of developing hypertension is ______.
90%
Starting at 115/75, risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each _______ increase in blood pressure.
20/10
For persons over the age of 50, _______ blood pressure is a better predictor of CVD risk (as shown by the _______ trial).
systolic; MRFIT
Mean arterial pressure is proportional to _________.
CO x SVR
In essential hypertension, 70% of those have __________.
idiopathic increases in SVR
What is considered prehypertension?
SBP: 120 - 139
DBP: 80 - 89
What is stage 1 hypertension?
SBP: 140 - 159
DBP: 90 - 99
What is stage 2 hypertension?
SBP: greater than 160
DBP: greater than 100
How many people in the United States have hypertension?
Slide says 50 - 60 million, Dr. Linas said 80 million
Only about _______ of patients with hypertension meet criteria for being “controlled.”
1/3
__________ blood pressure is more difficult to control.
Systolic
Briefly describe the Guyton hypothesis of primary hypertension.
Guyton thought that primary hypertension results from an initial defect in sodium excretion which leads to water retention. Water retention leads to increased cardiac output, which then leads to autoregulatory vasoconstriction.
What is the cellular hypothesis of essential hypertension?
Inhibition of the NaK exchanger leads to increased intracellular Na which then decreases the amount of calcium secreted. Increased intracellular Ca leads to increased smooth muscle tone, increasing systemic vascular resistance.
The in-office method of measuring BP involves ____________.
two readings five minutes apart
What is one of the new risk factors for hypertension that we learned in this lecture (nephrological)?
Microalbuminuria or eGFR less than 60 ml/min
Achieving a sustained decrease of ________ will save one out of every eleven people over ten years.
12 mmHg
________ blood pressure is more difficult to control.
Systolic
A hypertension visit consists of assessing the patient’s BP, identifying causes, and determining if organ damage is present. What are some signs of organ damage to look for?
Cardiac: hypertrophy, failure, angina Stroke Renal failure Retinopathy Peripheral artery disease
Why should BP be controlled in hypertension?
Lowers the risk of MI, stroke, and heart failure
With compelling indications, both stage 1 hypertension and pre-hypertension should be treated. In pre-hypertension without indications, _______ are indicated. In stage 1 hypertension, _________ are indicated.
no drugs; thiazides and possibly others
For stage 2 hypertension, a _____-drug combination is advised.
two
What are BP goals?
Less than 140/90 for patients without complications; less than 130/80 for diabetic patients or patients with chronic kidney disease
The fact that high blood pressure leads to early mortality was first noticed by _____________.
insurance companies
Kidney transplant studies in rats demonstrated that __________.
rats without hypertension develop hypertension when given a kidney from a rat with hypertension
