Nephrotic Syndrome Flashcards

1
Q

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by ___________.

A

high protein urine; hypoalbuminemia; edema; hyperlipidemia; lipiduria

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2
Q

Nephrologists think that ____________ causes nephrotic syndrome.

A

destruction of podocytes or inter-podocyte proteins

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3
Q

Nephrotic syndrome leads to increased risk of ____________.

A

coagulation (decreased anti-thrombin), infections (loss of Ig), and decreased vitamin D

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4
Q

These treatments are all indicated for nephrotic syndrome: ______________.

A
BP control
Diuretics
Low salt diets
Cholesterol lowering drugs
ACE inhibitors 
Vitamin D supplements
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5
Q

Minimal change disease has a peak incidence from age _____ to ______.

A

2; 8

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6
Q

Podocytes express ________ in minimal change disease.

A

CD80

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7
Q

Hereditary nephrotic syndrome presents in ___________.

A

infancy

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8
Q

Hereditary nephrotic syndrome does not respond to _____; it requires _________.

A

steroids; transplantation

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9
Q

Those with relapsing minimal change disease are often given ____________.

A

cytoxan

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10
Q

What are some associations with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?

A
Being African American
Age 20-40
Sickle cell
HIV
APOL1polymorphisms
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11
Q

What are some treatments for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?

A

Cyclosporine

Corticosteroids

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12
Q

HIV glomerulosclerosis presents with _________.

A

tubular dilations

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13
Q

Membranous nephropathy can be caused by ___________.

A
HBV
Cancer
Idiopathic
Heavy metals
SLE
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14
Q

Histologically, membranous nephropathy is characterized by ____________.

A

thickened glomberular membrane with immune complex deposits, projections on silver stain, and subepithelial deposits

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15
Q

What are treatments for membranous nephropathy?

A

Coricosteroids

Cytoxan

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16
Q

___________ have interdigitating foot processes.

17
Q

What protein connects podocytes together (across their slit diaphragms)?

18
Q

What are the five kinds of primary renal nephrotic syndrome?

A
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy
Minimal change disease
Hereditary nephrotic syndrome
19
Q

Lipiduria presents as ___________ in the urine.

A

“Maltese crosses”

20
Q

What are the two most common kinds of nephrotic syndrome in adults? And in children?

A

Adults: membranous nephropathy (most common in fifth and sixth decades) and FSGS
Children: minimal change disease and a tie between membranous nephropathy and FSGS

21
Q

Histologically, minimal change disease will be ______________.

A

negative to immunofluorescence and light microscopy, but will show podocyte foot fusion on electron micrographs

22
Q

FSGS is usually __________.

A

idiopathic

23
Q

HIV nephropathy responds to __________ treatment.

24
Q

What percent of AIDS patients have HIV nephropathy?

25
What type of nephrotic syndrome is associated with HCV?
Membranproliferative nephropathy
26
What cell secretes the glomerular basement membrane?
The mesangial cell
27
Excretion of greater than 30 mg per day of albumin is indicative of ____________.
glomerular damage; less than 300 mg per day is not detectable with urine dipsticks and is called microalbuminuria
28
___________ presents with subendothelial deposits.
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
29
Minimal change disease is twice as common in _________.
males
30
Over seventy percent of idiopathic __________ is due to antibodies to phospholipases on podocytes.
membranous nephropathy
31
Hereditary nephrotic syndrome can be treated with _________.
ACE inhibitors (to reduce proteinuria)