Nephrotic Syndrome Flashcards
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by ___________.
high protein urine; hypoalbuminemia; edema; hyperlipidemia; lipiduria
Nephrologists think that ____________ causes nephrotic syndrome.
destruction of podocytes or inter-podocyte proteins
Nephrotic syndrome leads to increased risk of ____________.
coagulation (decreased anti-thrombin), infections (loss of Ig), and decreased vitamin D
These treatments are all indicated for nephrotic syndrome: ______________.
BP control Diuretics Low salt diets Cholesterol lowering drugs ACE inhibitors Vitamin D supplements
Minimal change disease has a peak incidence from age _____ to ______.
2; 8
Podocytes express ________ in minimal change disease.
CD80
Hereditary nephrotic syndrome presents in ___________.
infancy
Hereditary nephrotic syndrome does not respond to _____; it requires _________.
steroids; transplantation
Those with relapsing minimal change disease are often given ____________.
cytoxan
What are some associations with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
Being African American Age 20-40 Sickle cell HIV APOL1polymorphisms
What are some treatments for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
Cyclosporine
Corticosteroids
HIV glomerulosclerosis presents with _________.
tubular dilations
Membranous nephropathy can be caused by ___________.
HBV Cancer Idiopathic Heavy metals SLE
Histologically, membranous nephropathy is characterized by ____________.
thickened glomberular membrane with immune complex deposits, projections on silver stain, and subepithelial deposits
What are treatments for membranous nephropathy?
Coricosteroids
Cytoxan
___________ have interdigitating foot processes.
Podocytes
What protein connects podocytes together (across their slit diaphragms)?
Nephrin
What are the five kinds of primary renal nephrotic syndrome?
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Membranous nephropathy Minimal change disease Hereditary nephrotic syndrome
Lipiduria presents as ___________ in the urine.
“Maltese crosses”
What are the two most common kinds of nephrotic syndrome in adults? And in children?
Adults: membranous nephropathy (most common in fifth and sixth decades) and FSGS
Children: minimal change disease and a tie between membranous nephropathy and FSGS
Histologically, minimal change disease will be ______________.
negative to immunofluorescence and light microscopy, but will show podocyte foot fusion on electron micrographs
FSGS is usually __________.
idiopathic
HIV nephropathy responds to __________ treatment.
HAART
What percent of AIDS patients have HIV nephropathy?
5% - 10%
What type of nephrotic syndrome is associated with HCV?
Membranproliferative nephropathy
What cell secretes the glomerular basement membrane?
The mesangial cell
Excretion of greater than 30 mg per day of albumin is indicative of ____________.
glomerular damage; less than 300 mg per day is not detectable with urine dipsticks and is called microalbuminuria
___________ presents with subendothelial deposits.
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Minimal change disease is twice as common in _________.
males
Over seventy percent of idiopathic __________ is due to antibodies to phospholipases on podocytes.
membranous nephropathy
Hereditary nephrotic syndrome can be treated with _________.
ACE inhibitors (to reduce proteinuria)
