Respiratory Failure and ARDS Flashcards

1
Q

What are three causes of hypoxemia?

A

High altitude
Impaired diffusion
V/Q mismatch

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2
Q

In basic terms, what is hypercapnic respiratory failure?

A

Any process that impairs ventilation

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3
Q

What is the formula for minute ventilation?

A

V = V(t) x RR
Tidal volume
Frequency

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4
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?

A

V(a) = (V[t] - V[d]) x RR

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5
Q

What is the etiology of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure?

A

Any process that causes V/Q mismatch or limits diffusion to the point that P(a[O2]) is less than 55.

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6
Q

What four things can increase dead space?

A

Hypovolemia
Decreased cardiac output
Increased airway pressure
Pulmonary embolus

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7
Q

Chronicity of hypoxemic respiratory failure is based entirely on ________.

A

clinical history

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8
Q

In chronic respiratory acidosis, how much is bicarb supposed to rise for every 10 Torr increase in P(a[CO2])?

A

4

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9
Q

What two determinants of ventilator oxygenation do we need to know?

A

FiO2%

Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

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10
Q

What is the mortality of ARDS?

A

20% - 30%

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11
Q

At one year after ARDS, most people have __________.

A

noticeable limitation

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12
Q

How is ARDS treated?

A

Treat the underlying cause
Supportive care (ventilator management is the only thing that has been shown to increase survival)
Consider prone ventilation in patients with P(a[O2]):FiO2 less than 150

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13
Q

What did the ARMA trial show?

A

That ARDS patients receiving lower tidal volumes had lower mortality

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14
Q

What did the PROSEVA trial show?

A

That patients who were prone for part of the day had better outcomes

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15
Q

Only increase tidal volume in ____________.

A

patients who do not meet ARDS criteria

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16
Q

What type of respiratory failure is left-heart failure with pulmonary edema?

A

Hypoxemic (not hypercapnic)