Mechanism of Breathing/Compliance

Question 1

What is the difference between obstructive and restrictive diseases?

Answer 1

Obstructive diseases are syndromes in which air cannot get out of the lungs, while restrictive diseases are diseases in which air cannot get into the lungs.

Question 2

What are three obstructive diseases?

Answer 2

Asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis

Question 3

What is a restrictive disease?

Answer 3

Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 4

What are the inspiratory muscles?

Answer 4

The diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 5

The expiratory muscles are not active during ________.

Answer 5

quiet breathing–just during exercise or forced expiration

Question 6

The diaphragm is curved at _______.

Answer 6

rest

Question 7

Patients with obstructive lung disease breath at ______ lung volumes.

Answer 7

higher

Question 8

The diaphragms of those with obstructive lung disease are less _______ at rest.

Answer 8

curved

Question 9

The visceral pleura sticks to the parietal pleura because of _______.

Answer 9

negative intrapleural pressure

Question 10

Why is there negative intrapleural pressure?

Answer 10

The “intrinsic position” of the chest wall–where is wants to go based on anatomy–is further out than it is in the body, and the “intrinsic position” of the lungs is further in than it is in the body.

Question 11

The typical range of intrapleural pressures is __________.

Answer 11

-5 cm H2O (at the end of expiration) to -30 cm H2O (at the end of inspiration)

Question 12

What force causes deflation in the resting lung?

Answer 12

Elastic recoil produced by the stretched collagen fibers of the lung parenchyma

Question 13

What is the new/old balloon compliance analogy?

Answer 13

New balloons have low compliance and old balloons have high compliance

Question 14

What is trans-pulmonary pressure?

Answer 14

The difference in pressure between the inside of the lung and the intrapleural space: P[lung] –P[IP]

Question 15

Obstructive diseases lead to _____ shift in a volume/trans-pulmonary pressure graph, and restrictive diseases lead to a ________ shift.

Answer 15

left (more compliance); right (less compliance)

Question 16

Lungs in those with _________ are said to be “floppy.”

Answer 16

emphysema

Question 17

Those with emphysema have increased compliance, resulting in less ________ during expiration.

Answer 17

trans-pulmonary pressure produced

Question 18

Flow of air into the lungs is proportional to the __________.

Answer 18

difference in pressure between the lungs and intrapleural cavity

Question 19

Lungs of those with emphysema have less ____________.

Answer 19

elastic recoil

Question 20

What are some causes of decreased chest wall compliance?

Answer 20

Obesity, old age, and scarring

Question 21

The diaphragm is innervated solely by the __________.

Answer 21

phrenic nerves

Question 22

Air flows into the lungs when P(lungs) is _________, which occurs because _________.

Answer 22

negative; P(IP) is negative