Exam 2 Review Flashcards
Increased pressure in the left atrium pushes the _______ against the _______.
septum primum; septum secundum
The heart does not utilize ________ metabolism.
anaerobic
Subendocardial infarction = ____________.
NSTEMI
Contraindications for stress tests include ____________.
unstable angina, untreated arrhythmias, HF, AV blocks, aortic stenosis, HOCM, bad HTN, myocarditis/pericarditis
Ranolazine helps __________.
improve exercise tolerance by blocking late sodium channels
CCBs are __________ metabolized.
hepatically
LDLs come from ____________.
VLDL (produced by the liver) that gets cleaved by lipase
HDL is made by the __________.
liver and gut
________ type aneurysm is more common.
Fusiform
The five-year risk for rupture for a 5.5 cm aneurysm is ________.
25%
_______ treats depression and helps with smoking cessation.
Bupropion
The ________ becomes the atrioventricular septum.
AV sulcus
Septation occurs from day _____ to _____.
28; 42
Which aortic arches disappear?
1, 2, and 5
What are the remnants of the 3rd, 4th, and 6th aortic arches?
3rd = carotids; 4th = right subclavian and aortic arch; 6th = pulmonary arteries
What does the foramen ovale allow, and how does it close?
It allows RA -> LA shunting, and it closes when RA pressure drops.
VSDs are associated with __________.
fetal alcohol syndrome
Embryologically, tetralogy of Fallot results from __________.
errors in the conal crests
Dysthymia is characterized by __________.
depressed mood (though not as bad as MDE) for longer periods, specifically greater than two years
People with depression often have an extra ______ allele.
5HT
What do you first give to a patient with unstable angina?
IV nitroglycerin
What does the fatty streak stage comprise?
LDL entrance, leukocyte recruitment, and foam cell formation
What does the plaque progression stage comprise?
Smooth muscle cell migration and MMP release
The rate-limiting step in the formation of cholesterol in the liver is regulated by __________.
HMG Co-A reductase
Why is knowing the apolipoprotein B concentration important?
Because apolipoprotein B levels correlate with chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL–thus you know the total of potential atherosclerotic particles
_________ are indicated for non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
Warfarin, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran
Which anti-platelet drug has bradycardia as a side effect?
Ticagrelor
_________ inhibits phosphodiesterase.
Dipyridamole
_________ is the most common reason cited for not adhering to anti-hypertensive medications.
“Forgetting to take them”
The trabeculated portion of the right ventricle is derived from the ___________.
bulbus cordis
Troponin levels become detectable between _________.
3-12 hours post MI
Those with infarcted areas will have ________ on radioisotope testing.
fixed perfusion deficits
In terms of cholesterol, women generally have higher ________ levels.
HDL
As triglyceride levels rise, ______ usually falls.
HDL
Ejection fraction usually ________ during exercise.
increases
The body compensates for decreased diastolic filling time during exercise by _________.
increasing stroke volume
What are the five criteria for metabolic syndrome, and how many do you need to qualify?
Increased BP (130/85), increased HDL (m 40; w 50), increased triglycerides (150), increased abdominal circumference (m 94 cm; w 84 cm), and increased blood glucose (100); three
