Exam 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Increased pressure in the left atrium pushes the _______ against the _______.

A

septum primum; septum secundum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The heart does not utilize ________ metabolism.

A

anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Subendocardial infarction = ____________.

A

NSTEMI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Contraindications for stress tests include ____________.

A

unstable angina, untreated arrhythmias, HF, AV blocks, aortic stenosis, HOCM, bad HTN, myocarditis/pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ranolazine helps __________.

A

improve exercise tolerance by blocking late sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CCBs are __________ metabolized.

A

hepatically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LDLs come from ____________.

A

VLDL (produced by the liver) that gets cleaved by lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HDL is made by the __________.

A

liver and gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

________ type aneurysm is more common.

A

Fusiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The five-year risk for rupture for a 5.5 cm aneurysm is ________.

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_______ treats depression and helps with smoking cessation.

A

Bupropion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The ________ becomes the atrioventricular septum.

A

AV sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Septation occurs from day _____ to _____.

A

28; 42

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which aortic arches disappear?

A

1, 2, and 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the remnants of the 3rd, 4th, and 6th aortic arches?

A

3rd = carotids; 4th = right subclavian and aortic arch; 6th = pulmonary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the foramen ovale allow, and how does it close?

A

It allows RA -> LA shunting, and it closes when RA pressure drops.

17
Q

VSDs are associated with __________.

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

18
Q

Embryologically, tetralogy of Fallot results from __________.

A

errors in the conal crests

19
Q

Dysthymia is characterized by __________.

A

depressed mood (though not as bad as MDE) for longer periods, specifically greater than two years

20
Q

People with depression often have an extra ______ allele.

A

5HT

21
Q

What do you first give to a patient with unstable angina?

A

IV nitroglycerin

22
Q

What does the fatty streak stage comprise?

A

LDL entrance, leukocyte recruitment, and foam cell formation

23
Q

What does the plaque progression stage comprise?

A

Smooth muscle cell migration and MMP release

24
Q

The rate-limiting step in the formation of cholesterol in the liver is regulated by __________.

A

HMG Co-A reductase

25
Q

Why is knowing the apolipoprotein B concentration important?

A

Because apolipoprotein B levels correlate with chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL–thus you know the total of potential atherosclerotic particles

26
Q

_________ are indicated for non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

A

Warfarin, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran

27
Q

Which anti-platelet drug has bradycardia as a side effect?

A

Ticagrelor

28
Q

_________ inhibits phosphodiesterase.

A

Dipyridamole

29
Q

_________ is the most common reason cited for not adhering to anti-hypertensive medications.

A

“Forgetting to take them”

30
Q

The trabeculated portion of the right ventricle is derived from the ___________.

A

bulbus cordis

31
Q

Troponin levels become detectable between _________.

A

3-12 hours post MI

32
Q

Those with infarcted areas will have ________ on radioisotope testing.

A

fixed perfusion deficits

33
Q

In terms of cholesterol, women generally have higher ________ levels.

A

HDL

34
Q

As triglyceride levels rise, ______ usually falls.

A

HDL

35
Q

Ejection fraction usually ________ during exercise.

A

increases

36
Q

The body compensates for decreased diastolic filling time during exercise by _________.

A

increasing stroke volume

37
Q

What are the five criteria for metabolic syndrome, and how many do you need to qualify?

A

Increased BP (130/85), increased HDL (m 40; w 50), increased triglycerides (150), increased abdominal circumference (m 94 cm; w 84 cm), and increased blood glucose (100); three