Respiratory 6 and 7

Question 1

What are the only muscles that are active during quiet inspiration?

Answer 1

• Diaphragm
• External intercostals
• Parasternal intercostals

Question 2

How is the contraction of the diaphragm affected by forced breathing?

Answer 2

There is a stronger contraction

Question 3

Which muscles are not recruited during resting level expiration?

Answer 3

The abdominal and intercostal muscles

Question 4

What allows for expiration at resting levels?

Answer 4

The inspiratory muscles relax and air moves out of the lungs

Question 5

What is the difference between quiet exhalation and forced exhalation?

Answer 5

During quiet exhalation, not muscles are recruited and during forced exhalation muscles are used

Question 6

What happens with the abdominal muscles during forced expiration?

Answer 6

The abdominal muscles contract causing the abdominal content to be pushed is so that the diaphragm is moved even higher than it is at resting level so that more air can be expelled

Question 7

What muscles are recruited during forced expiration and what do they do?

Answer 7

• Abdominal muscles to push abdominal contents down

* Internal intercostal muscles to push the ribcage down

Question 8

Which muscles contribute to opening the upper airways?

Answer 8

• Tongue protruders
• Alae nasi
• Pharyngeal and laryngeal dilators (inspiratory)
• Pharyngeal and laryngeal constrictors (expiratory)

Question 9

What is the main focus of the upper airway muscles?

Answer 9

To keep the airways open

Question 10

What are the upper airway muscle dependent on?

Answer 10

State

Question 11

When does the activity of the upper airways muscles become depressed?

Answer 11

During sleep

Question 12

What occurs in obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer 12

The tone of the upper respiratory muscles is depressed and they become a floppy muscle not allowing air to pass through

Question 13

Why does obstructive sleep apnea occur?

Answer 13

Due to problems with neural control in breathing. Lack of excitatory drive needed to maintain the tone of the respiratory muscles. Or in children with anatomical defects

Question 14

What are the Conducting airways lined by?

Answer 14

A superficial layer of epithelial cells
•Mucus-producing goblet cells
•Ciliated cells

Question 15

What is the function of the superficial layer of epithelial cells in the conducting airways?

Answer 15

They entrap inhaled biological and inert particulates and remove them from the airways

Question 16

What is the filtering action of the conducting zone celled?

Answer 16

The Mucociliary Escalator

Question 17

What does effective clearance of deposited particles in the airway require?

Answer 17

Ciliary activity and respiratory tract fluids

Question 18

What fluid do ciliated cells produce?

Answer 18

Periciliary fluid

Question 19

What makes up the SOL layer?

Answer 19

Periciliary fluid produced by ciliated cells

Question 20

What is the density of the SOL layer?

Answer 20

It has a low density and viscosity

Question 21

What does the low density of the SOL layer allow for?

Answer 21

The cilia to move freely in the fluid

Question 22

What do the Goblet cells produce?

Answer 22

A dense mucus called the gel layer

Question 23

In which direction do the cilia move in the Nasopharynx and the Trachea?

Answer 23

Downward in the Nasopharynx and upward in the trachea

Question 24

What is the distribution like of the gel layer produced by goblet cells?

Answer 24

It is distributed in patches

Question 25

How are the things trapped in the mucus layer removed?

Answer 25

Through cilia movements

Question 26

Why do people who smoke have a consistent cough?

Answer 26

Because smoke reduces the activity of cilia and increases the number of goblet cells

Question 27

Besides mucus, what is the other mechanism of filtering action in the respiratory system?

Answer 27

Macrophages present in alveoli

Question 28

What kind of particulates arrive at the alveoli?

Answer 28

Only the smallest particulates

Question 29

What is the last defense to inhaled particles?

Answer 29

Macrophages in the alveoli

Question 30

What occurs with macrophages and silica dust or asbestos?

Answer 30

The macrophages ingest the particles but because they are very sharp they end up killing the macrophage

Question 31

What happens after a macrophage is killed by silica dust in the alveoli?

Answer 31

The macrophage then disintegrate and release chemotactic factors promoting the recruitment of fibroblasts which introduce collagen which creates stiffness of the lungs developing pulmonary fibrosis