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Physl Part 2 > Repro Physl 3 > Flashcards

Repro Physl 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the testes?

A

In the scrotum

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2
Q

What comprises the internal genitalia of males?

A
  • Ducts for sperm storage and transport

* Prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles

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3
Q

What is the male external genitalia comprised of?

A

Penis and scrotum

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4
Q

Where is the prostate gland located?

A

Below the bladder and encircles the urethra

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5
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A common passageway for urine and semen

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6
Q

Which part of the shaft of the penis is the urethra?

A

The ventral aspect

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7
Q

What is the Urethra encircled by?

A

The corpus spongiosum

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8
Q

What does the corpus spongiosum contribute to?

A

The erectile tissue and erection

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9
Q

What makes up the erectile tissue?

A

The corpus spongiosum and the corpora cavernosa

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10
Q

What is the scrotum an extension of?

A

The abdominal wall

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11
Q

Where are the testes initially located?

A

In the abdomen during the early part of fetal development

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12
Q

When do the testes descend into the scrotum?

A

During the 7th month of development

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13
Q

Why do the testes descend into the scrotum?

A

Rising testosterone

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14
Q

What is Cryptorchidism?

A

When the testes don’t descend into the scrotum but testosterone production is intact but spermatogenesis is temperature sensitive and sperm may not be produced

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15
Q

When must Cryptorchidism be corrected?

A

Before puberty, so spermatogenesis can still occur

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16
Q

What helps to cool the testes?

A

The fact that they’re outside of the body and the countercurrent exchange system

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17
Q

What is the spermatic cord comprised of?

A
  • The blood vessels that either drain or supply the testes
  • Nervous input
  • Vas deferens
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18
Q

Why is the position of arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the testes important?

A

Because the warm blood entering the arterial supply will be cooled as it approaches the testes by dissipating into the venous drainage

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19
Q

What structures are located within the testes?

A

The seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

What makes up the majority of testicular mass?

A

The seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

Where do the seminiferous tubules converge?

A

Into the rete testis

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22
Q

What does the rete testis converge into?

A

The efferent ductules

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23
Q

What do the efferent Ductules coalesce into?

A

The epididymis

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24
Q

Where does sperm go from the epididymis?

A

The urethra

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25
Q

What is the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules?

A

Seminiferous tubules ➡️ Rete testis ➡️ efferent ductules ➡️ epididymis ➡️ vas deferens

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26
Q

What is the Inguinal canal?

A

The space where the spermatic cord passes down the testis

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27
Q

What is the tissue that surrounds seminiferous tubules?

A

Interstitial tissue

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28
Q

Where does the vas deferens go once it leaves the testis?

A

It passes behind the bladder and each one will join a seminal vesicle

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29
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

The junction where each vas deferens joins a seminal vesicle

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30
Q

What does the ejaculatory duct enter?

A

The prostate gland and joins the urethra

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31
Q

What is interesting about the prostate gland?

A

It doesn’t have its own separate duct its secretions just come from the wall and directly into the urethra

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32
Q

Where does the bulbourethral gland drain?

A

Into the urethra at its junction with the prostate gland

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33
Q

What secretes a significant amount of fluid in the male reproductive system?

A

The prostate and the seminal vesicles

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34
Q

What secretes the fluid in which sperm is suspended?

A

The seminal vesicles and prostate

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35
Q

What are the chemicals released from the male accessory gland?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Protective buffers
  • Prostaglandins
  • Mucoid secretion
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36
Q

What is the purpose of the nutrients released from accessory glands?

A

To nourish sperm

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the buffers released from accessory glands?

A

Neutralizing the environment of the vagina

38
Q

What do seminal-vesicle derived chemicals do?

A

Promote increased sperm motility

39
Q

What is the source of prostaglandins in the male reproductive system?

A

The seminal vesicles and not the prostate

40
Q

What is the purpose of mucoid secretions in the male reproductive system?

A

Lubrication

41
Q

Where do mucoid secretion from the male reproductive system come from?

A

bulbourethral glands

42
Q

What is low levels of zinc associated with?

A

Infertility

43
Q

Where is spermatogenesis occuring?

A

In the seminiferous tubules

44
Q

What is the final phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa (sperm) where there is extensive cell remodelling and elongation

45
Q

What is each seminiferous tubule surrounded by?

A

A basement membrane

46
Q

What types of cells is the seminiferous tubule comprised of?

A
  • Developing sperm

* Sertoli cells

47
Q

What are leydig cells directed by?

A

LH

48
Q

What are sertoli cells directed by?

A

FSH

49
Q

What kinds of cells are at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules?

A

The immature/germ cells

50
Q

What kinds of cells are at the lumen of the seminiferous tubules?

A

There are higher stages of development of sperm

51
Q

What does the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules have?

A

Interstitial leydig cells and a vascular supply

52
Q

What is the fluid in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules produced by?

A

Sertoli cells

53
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

Synthesize and release testosterone

54
Q

What do Sertoli cells require?

A

Testosterone in order to mediate their functions

55
Q

What is the partnership between leydig cells and sertoli cells?

A

Leydig cells will produce testosterone which can act on Sertoli cells and help support the Sertoli cells functions in spermatogenesis

56
Q

What makes up the wall of the seminiferous tubule?

A

The Sertoli cells because they extend from the basement membrane to the lumen

57
Q

What are sertoli cells joined together by?

A

Tight junctions

58
Q

What do the sertoli cells tight junctions allow for?

A

It allows them to for a ring around the outer circumference of each seminiferous tubule

59
Q

What is the sertoli cell barrier or the blood testes barrier?

A

The unbroken ring that Sertoli cells form around the seminiferous tubule

60
Q

What do sertoli cells do for spermatogonia?

A

The provide nourishment for developing spermatogonia

61
Q

What do sertoli cells secrete?

A

Inhibin, growth factors, enzymes and androgen binding protein

62
Q

Where are the leydig cells located?

A

Outside the seminiferous tubules in the interstitial tissue between connective tissue

63
Q

What is the purpose of Leydig cells?

A

They synthesize and release testosterone

64
Q

When are leydig cells active?

A

They are active in the fetus but not after birth then are reactivated at puberty

65
Q

What do leydig cells convert testosterone into?

A

Estradiol

66
Q

How do Gonadotropins released from the pituitary affect leydig cells?

A

They stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone

67
Q

What is the testosterone produced by leydig cells required for?

A

The function of sertoli cells

68
Q

How do Gonadotropins from pituitary affect sertoli cells?

A

They cause increased activity of sertoli cells which nourish developing sperm cells to form mature sperm

69
Q

Where in the seminiferous tubule does mitosis occur?

A

In the basal compartment away from the lumen

70
Q

What does GnRH act on what does it do?

A

The anterior pituitary and causes it to release gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

71
Q

What does LH primarily act on?

A

Leydig cells

72
Q

What effects does LH have on leydig cells?

A

It stimulates the release of testosterone

73
Q

What can the testosterone released by leydig cells do?

A
  • It can enter the systemic circulation and act on androgen receptors causing secondary effects
  • Can bind to androgen receptors on Sertoli cells to support their function
74
Q

What cells does FSH act primarily on?

A

Sertoli cells

75
Q

What does FSH cause sertoli cells to do?

A

Create cell products that will nourish developing sperm most important androgen binding protein

76
Q

What cells produce androgen binding protein?

A

Sertoli cells

77
Q

What does Androgen binding protein do?

A

Binds to androgens and prevents testosterone from diffusing back into leydig cells and increases local concentration in the seminiferous tubules

78
Q

What does inhibin produced by sertoli cells do?

A

It has a negative feedback at the anterior pituitary to regulate production of FSH

79
Q

What suppresses LH and GnRH release?

A

Negative feedback of testosterone on the anterior pituitary

80
Q

What do the luminal secretions of the Sertoli cells contain?

A

Androgen binding protein

81
Q

What do the chemical messengers released by sertoli cells do?

A

Produces paracrine agents that stimulate proliferation and differentiation of germ cells and modulate Leydig function and inhibin

82
Q

What ensures that there are normal healthy sperm cells?

A

Sertoli cells phagocytizing defective sperm

83
Q

When do sperm cells unbind from sertoli cells?

A

When their transformation is complete

84
Q

Where is the final maturation of sperm cells?

A

The epididymis

85
Q

What happens to sperm in the epididymis?

A

They lose cytoplasm and develop a tail

86
Q

What does the Acrosome contain?

A

Many different proteins and enzymes for fertilization

87
Q

Which part of sperm are the mitochondria found?

A

The midpiece

88
Q

What stores sperm until ejaculation?

A

The vas deferens and the epididymis

89
Q

What concentrates the sperm dramatically?

A

The fluid absorbed from the epididymis lumen

90
Q

What causes the movement of sperm into the epididymis?

A

The Sertoli cells secretions that increase pressure in the seminiferous tubules (the sperm are non-motile and do not move by themselves at this stage)

91
Q

What occurs in a vasectomy?

A

A portion of each vas deferens is surgically removed blocking the passage of sperm from the epididymis and into the urethra

Physl Part 2 (96 decks)

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