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Physl Part 2 > GI 15 > Flashcards

GI 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of micronutrients?

A
  • Vitamins

* Trace elements

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2
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, E, D

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3
Q

What is the main goal of carbohydrate digestion?

A

To break those long chains down into oligo/disaccharides

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4
Q

What is one of the most important enzymes for carbohydrate digestion?

A

Amylase

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5
Q

Where does Amylase in carbohydrate digest originate?

A

In the pancreas

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6
Q

What kind of enzyme is Amylase?

A

An alpha (1,4) endoglycosidase

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7
Q

How is the meaning of amylase being an endoglycosidase?

A

It cleaves glycosidic bonds between subunits of polysaccharides

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8
Q

What happens once amylase breaks down the polysaccharide into a disaccharide?

A

To break it down into monosaccharides

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9
Q

What is the breakdown of disaccharides into monosaccharides facilitated by?

A

The brush border enzymes of the SI

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10
Q

What are brush border enzymes?

A

Enzymes in the SI intestine that are specific for breaking down different disaccharides

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11
Q

What are three brush border enzymes?

A
  • Maltase
  • Sucrase
  • Lactase
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12
Q

What does Maltase do?

A

Breaks down Maltose into two glucoses

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13
Q

What does Sucrase do?

A

Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose

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14
Q

What does Lactase do?

A

Breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

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15
Q

What happens when somebody lacts Lactase?

A

They have lactose intolerance and further down the line the unbroken down lactose can affect water balance

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16
Q

What happens once disaccharides are cleaved into monosaccharides?

A

They can be absorbed across the intestinal epithelium

17
Q

What kind of transport is used for the absorption of Glucose/galactose?

A

Secondary active transport

18
Q

Which transporter brings glucose into the intestinal epithelial cell?

A

SGLT, the sodium glucose transport

19
Q

How does SGLT-1 (sodium glucose cotransporter) work?

A

It brings glucose into the intestinal epithelial cell by bringing one molecule of glucose/galactose along with two Na+ down its conc. gradient

20
Q

How does Glucose/Galactose exit the intestinal epithelial cell?

A

It diffuses through facilitated diffusion through the GLUT2

21
Q

What does GLUT2 do?

A

Allows glucose/galactose and fructose to exit the intestinal epithelial cell through facilitated diffusion

22
Q

What maintains the conc gradient when SGLT-1 is working?

A

The sodium potassium ATPase

23
Q

How does Fructose enter the intestinal epithelial cell?

A

By facilitated diffusion through GLUT5

24
Q

What does GLUT5 do?

A

Allows fructose to enter the intestinal epithelial cell through facilitated diffusion

25
Q

How does Fructose exit the intestinal epithelial cell?

A

Through facilitated diffusion GLUT2

26
Q

What are the levels of glucose in the GI when there is a high sugar meal?

A

There are higher levels of glucose/galactose

27
Q

What happens if there are higher levels of glucose/galactose in the GI lumen?

A

It saturates the proteins so the gradients don’t work effectively

28
Q

What does intestinal epithelial cells do when there is a high sugar meal?

A

They translocate GLUT2 proteins to the lumen in order to allow facilitated diffusion of the sugar into the cell

29
Q

When will GLUT2 be found at the apical membrane of carbohydrates?

A

When there is a high sugar meal

30
Q

What is the overview of how carbohydrates are broken down?

A
  • Polysaccharides acted on by pancreatic amylase to create disaccharides
  • Disaccharides are acted on by brush border enzymes to create monosaccharides (glucose/galactose and fructose)
  • They are brought across the apical surface by SGLT and GLUT
31
Q

What is the difference between the transport of fructose and glucose/galactose?

A

Glucose/galactose is brought in through secondary active transport and glucose is brought in by facilitated diffusion

32
Q

What are plant polysaccharides classified as?

A

Dietary fiber

33
Q

What are examples of dietary fiber?

A
  • Cellulose
  • Lignin
  • Chitin
34
Q

What are the benefits to consuming Fiber?

A
  • Delayed gastric emptying
  • Impaired absorption in the small intestine
  • Fiber fermentation in the large intestine
  • Fecal bulking
35
Q

How does fiber causing increased satiety work?

A

It takes up more room causing the stomach to fill up faster and in turn making people consume less

36
Q

How does fiber delaying absorption in the GI work?

A

It traps carbs in its network and the delayed absorption increases glucose control and cholesterol and even toxic elements

37
Q

How is fiber fermentation in the LI a good thing?

A

Bacteria can break them down and use the fatty acids as energy

38
Q

What is fecal bulking?

A

When undigested fiber can retain water and have other benefits on feces and make it easier to pass

Physl Part 2 (96 decks)

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