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Physl Part 2 > Repro Physl 1.2 > Flashcards

Repro Physl 1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the benefit of having internal fertilization?

A

Motile flagellated sperm can remain in an aqueous environment

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2
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

The physical distinction between males and females

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3
Q

What is reproduction?

A

The perpetuation of a species with the purpose of producing a robust offspring that are able to cope with the changing environment

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4
Q

What can allow for Biological Variation?

A

Integration of parental chromosomes

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5
Q

What does the combination of gametes give rise to?

A

The zygote

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6
Q

What does the zygote develop into?

A

The embryo and then the fetus

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7
Q

What are the gametes produced by?

A

The gonads

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8
Q

What does the HPG axis involve?

A

The hypothalamus, the pituitary and the gonads working together so the drive reproduction

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9
Q

What is the homeostatic flow of information?

A

Coordination and cooperation between different cells, tissues and organs in order to bring about a successful reproduction

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10
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The development of mature sperm and ova to form a zygote and then an embryo

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11
Q

What is the product of conception referred to from 0-8 weeks?

A

An embryo

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12
Q

What do we refer to the product of conception after 8 weeks?

A

A fetus

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13
Q

What three structures do male and female sex organs comprise of?

A
  • Gonads
  • Internal genitalia
  • External genitalia
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14
Q

What are Gonads?

A
  • Organs that produce gametes
  • Testes produce sperm
  • Ovaries produce eggs/ova
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15
Q

What are the internal genetalia?

A
  • Accessory glands and ducts

* Connect gonads with the outside environment

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16
Q

What are external genitalia?

A

All external reproductive structures

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17
Q

What is the dual function of the gonads?

A
  • Gametogenesis

* Secretion of steroid hormones

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18
Q

What steroid hormones do the gonads produces?

A
  • Androgens - Testosterone, DHT
  • Estrogens - Estradiol
  • Progesterone
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19
Q

What hormones do males tend to have in excess?

A

Androgens

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20
Q

What hormones do females tend to have in excess?

A

They tend to have estrogens in excess

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21
Q

What are Germ cells?

A

Developing gametes that eventually give rise to mature sperm of mature ova

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22
Q

How many chromosomes do the gametes have?

A

The are haploid so they have 23 chromosomes

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23
Q

What is the difference in the timing mitosis in germ cells between males and females?

A

Males: Primary spermatocytes are present at birth and are generated by mitosis in embryonic testes
Females: Germ cell mitosis to create primary oocytes occurs during fetal development

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24
Q

When does germ cell mitosis occur in males?

A

At puberty

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25
Q

Why can men remain fertile their entire life span?

A

Because they can continually add to the pool of primary spermatocytes because mitosis of germ cells never ends

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26
Q

When does germ cell mitosis occur in females?

A

During fetal development

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27
Q

What is a female born with in the gonads?

A

Her complete set of primary oocytes

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28
Q

What is germ cell mitosis like in females after birth?

A

Females no longer have mitosis after birth so once a female is born she has all her primary oocytes for her lifetime

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29
Q

What is the first stage of gametogenesis?

A

Mitosis of primordial germ cells that can go on to the subsequent stages of gametogenesis

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30
Q

What is the process of gametogenesis in males?

A
  • During embryo development the germ cell undergo mitosis so they remain diploid. The product of this is called spermatogonia that remain until puberty
  • At puberty the spermatogonia can undergo meiosis so it replicates DNA to be 4N (primary spermatocyte)
  • Secondary spermatocytes are diploid and occur after the primary spermatocyte divides
  • They then go on to produce spermatids
  • Which go on to develop into mature sperm cells
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31
Q

What are spermatogonium?

A

The diploid products germ cell mitosis in males

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32
Q

What is a primary spermatocyte?

A

The 4N product of the spermatogonium duplicating its genetic material but not dividing yet

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33
Q

What are secondary spermatocytes?

A

The diploid products of the division of the 4N spermatocytes

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34
Q

What are spermatids?

A

The haploid products of the division of secondary spermatocytes

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35
Q

What do spermatids develop into?

A

Mature sperm cells

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36
Q

What is the germ cell called in females?

A

Oogonium

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37
Q

What is the process of gametogenesis in females?

A

•In the embryo the oogonium/germ cell undergoes mitosis to proliferate the diploid cells
•Meiosis then begins and produces a primary oocyte that is 4N
•At puberty, the primary oocyte then divides to become a 2N secondary oocyte
•

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37
Q

What is the process of gametogenesis in females?

A
  • In the embryo the oogonium/germ cell undergoes mitosis to proliferate the diploid cells
  • Meiosis then begins and produces a primary oocyte that is 4N
  • At puberty, the primary oocyte then divides to become a 2N secondary oocyte and extruding a polar body
  • If the secondary oocyte is selected for maturation before it leaves the follicle it undergoes its second meiotic division to become haploid
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38
Q

When does meiosis begin in males vs females?

A

Meiosis in males begins after puberty and meiosis in females begins before puberty

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39
Q

What is the only case that there is completion of the second meiotic division in females?

A

The second polar body is fertilized by a mature sperm cells

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40
Q

What happens if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized?

A

It will degenerate without completing a second meiotic division to become haploid

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41
Q

What is a primary oocyte?

A

The 4N product of the duplication of germ cells before undergoing division

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42
Q

What is the secondary oocyte?

A

The 2N product of division of a 4N primary oocyte which also give rise to a polar body

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43
Q

What process begins at the reproductive adult phase in females?

A

The primary oocyte (4N) undergoes its first meiotic division

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44
Q

What process begins at the reproductive adult phase in males?

A

Meiosis of spermatogonia

45
Q

How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have?

A

1 pair of sex chromosomes 22 pairs of autosomes

46
Q

What do sex chromosomes contain the genes for?

A

Directing development of internal and external sex organs

47
Q

Which sex chromosome is larger?

A

The X chromosome

48
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic composition of an individual

49
Q

What gamete determines the genetic sex of a baby?

A

The sperm

50
Q

What happens to one of the X chromosomes in females?

A

One condenses to form a barr body

51
Q

Where can Barr bodies be detected?

A

In cheek mucosa cells/WBCs

52
Q

How is karyotyping usually done?

A

Through tissue cell culture

53
Q

What does a Y chromosome always indicate?

A

A male

54
Q

What XO?

A

A female with turner’s syndrome

55
Q

Which chromosomes are required for normal reproductive function in females?

A

XX

56
Q

What is XXY?

A

Male

57
Q

Why is an individual with only a Y chromosome not viable?

A

Because the X chromosome contains genes that are not present on the Y chromosome

58
Q

What is Sex Differentiation?

A

The multiple steps involved in fetal reproductive system development

59
Q

What can cause atypical sex differentiation?

A

Atypical chromosome combinations

60
Q

What is intersex?

A

Where you cannot tell the sex based on the general appearance of the genitalia

61
Q

What directs sex differentiation and gives rise to the female phenotype?

A

The absence of testes

62
Q

When do gonads differentiate in uterine life?

A

The 6th week

63
Q

In what week do testes develop?

A

In week 7

64
Q

What is the Bipotential phase?

A

The sexually indifferent phase at 6 weeks gestation

65
Q

What structures are seen in the bipotential stage?

A

There are two sets of duct systems and primitive gonads

66
Q

What are the two sets of gonads in the Bipotential stage known as?

A

The Wolffian duct system and the Mullerian duct system

67
Q

What is the SRY gene?

A

A gene on the Y chromosome that causes the development of testes

68
Q

Where is the SRY gene expressed?

A

In the urogenital ridge cells

69
Q

What does the SRY gene encode for?

A

The Testis determining factor protein (TDF) or SRY protein

70
Q

What does the SRY protein do?

A

Triggers the development of the testes in the genetic male

71
Q

What two key cell types are present as a result of the SRY protein?

A

Leydig cells and sertoli cells

72
Q

What happens if you don’t have a y chromosome like in females?

A

Then no SRY gene is present and there is no development of the testes

73
Q

What derives from the Gonadal ridge?

A

Both the testes and the ovaries

74
Q

After the gonads develop what does sex differentiation do?

A

The internal and external genitalia can develop

75
Q

What is the Cloaca?

A

The common opening of the ducts in the bipotential stage

76
Q

What structures are going to give rise to most of the reproductive tract in the bipotential phase?

A

The wolffian and the mullerian ducts

77
Q

What do the testes secrete after the bipotential phase?

A

Testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting substance or MIS

78
Q

Which gene does the SRY protein induce?

A

The MIS gene

79
Q

What does the MIS gene induced by the SRY protein do?

A

Triggers the degeneration of the mullerian duct system

80
Q

What does the testosterone produced in the bipotential phase do?

A

Binds to androgen receptors in the wolffian duct system

81
Q

How does the testosterone affect the Wolffian duct system?

A

It prompts it to differentiate into the internal duct system of the phenotypic male

82
Q

What parts does the Phenotypic male have?

A
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
83
Q

Which duct system persists and which duct system persists?

A

The Wolffian duct system persits and the mullerian duct system degenerates

84
Q

What don’t the duct systems give rise to?

A

The external genitalia structures

85
Q

Which genetalia does the duct system give rise to?

A

The internal genitalia

86
Q

What is the development of the male internal structures dependant on?

A

The presence of the fetal testes

87
Q

What do Leydig cells secrete?

A

Testosterone

88
Q

What do the Sertoli cells secrete?

A

Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)

89
Q

What can testosterone be metabolized into?

A

DHT

90
Q

What is DHT?

A

A more potent form of testosterone

91
Q

What is DHT required for?

A

Forming the male external genitalia

92
Q

What external genitalia does DHT produce?

A
  • Penis

* Scrotum

93
Q

What happens if a person doesn’t have DHT?

A

It can cause a different appearance of the external genitalia and there won’t be proper development and give rise to the intersex phenotype

94
Q

What stimulates the testes to move into the scrotum?

A

Testosterone

95
Q

What is Cryptochidism?

A

The failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum

96
Q

Why does Cryptorchidism need to be addressed early on?

A

To preserve the fertility of an individual

97
Q

How can Cryptorchidism be treated?

A

Exogenous testosterone or surgery

98
Q

What is the result of having no testes like in females?

A

There is no secretion of mullerian inhibiting hormone or testosterone which triggers the degeneration of wolffian ducts

99
Q

Which duct system persits in females?

A

The Mullerian duct system

100
Q

What does the Mullerian duct system give rise to?

A

The female internal genitalia
•Fallopian tubes
•Body of uterus and upper portion of the vagina

101
Q

What is development of the external female genitalia due to?

A

The absence of testes which would’ve produced testosterone and DHT

102
Q

What is the default situation of genetalia?

A

The female

103
Q

Do embryonic ovaries secrete hormones?

A

No

104
Q

What will androgen exposure in females after the 13th week of gestation do

A

Enlarges size of the clitoris with the appearance of a penis prior to 13 weeks. After, this will just cause an increase in size of the female anatomy

105
Q

What happens if there is testosterone but an individual is unable to produce DHT?

A

There will not be development of male external genitalia giving the appearance of female external genitalia even though the male internal duct system is present

106
Q

What is Androgen insensitivity syndrome or testicular feminization?

A

When an individual is a genetic male which drives the generation of the testes but they have the female phenotype of external genitalia

107
Q

What causes Androgen insensitivity syndrome or testicular feminization?

A

A mutation in the androgen receptor gene so testosterone cannot bind in the fetal tissues

108
Q

What is missing in people with Androgen insensitivity syndrome or testicular feminization?

A

The mullerian and wolffian ducts because they both degenerate

109
Q

When is Androgen insensitivity syndrome or testicular feminization detected?

A

At puberty when menstrual cycle fails to initiate

110
Q

What is Congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

The overproduction of androgens in the fetus due to a mutation in an enzyme that is required for the formation of cortisol so there is no negative feedback for pituitary production of ACTH so it acts on the adrenal gland and increases androgens. Resulting in virilization of the individual who is XX causing ambiguous genitalia

111
Q

What is the treatment for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?

A

Cortisol replacement

Physl Part 2 (96 decks)

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