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Physl Part 2 > Repro Physl 5 > Flashcards

Repro Physl 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the Fimbriae brush over?

A

The surface of each ovary

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the female internal genitalia?

A
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
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3
Q

What does the female external genitalia include?

A
  • Mons pubis
  • Labia majora
  • Labia minora
  • Clitoris
  • Vaginal vestibule
  • Vestibular glands
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4
Q

What is the female homologue of the scrotum in males?

A

The labia majora

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5
Q

What is the female homologue of the penis?

A

The clitoris

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6
Q

What does the vaginal vestibule contain?

A

The opening of the vagina and the urethral opening

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7
Q

What is the Hymen?

A

A thin fold of mucous membrane partly overlying the vaginal opening

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8
Q

What are the ovaries the site for?

A

Oogenesis and oocyte maturation and ovulation

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9
Q

Which sex hormones do the ovaries produce?

A
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Inhibin
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10
Q

What is the function of the ovaries before ovulation?

A

Maturation of oocyte and endocrine function of ovaries in the follice

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11
Q

What is the function of the ovaries after ovulation?

A

Eggless follicle development into the corpus luteum

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12
Q

What do the eggs exist in?

A

Follicles

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13
Q

What is the Primordial Follicle?

A

The earliest stage of development of an egg

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14
Q

What is the order of development of an egg?

A
  • Primordial follicle
  • Primary follicle
  • Preantral follicle
  • Early antral follicle
  • Mature follicle/Graafian follicle
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15
Q

When do primordial follicles progress to preantral and early antral stages?

A

Throughout infancy/childhood/menstrual phase

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16
Q

What is the difference between a primordial follicle to a primary follicle?

A

There is proliferation of granulosa cells

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17
Q

What is the difference between a primary follicle and a preantral follicle?

A

Prenantral follicles have many layers of granulosa cells

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18
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete?

A
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Inhibin
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19
Q

What is an early antral follicle characterized by?

A

The separation of the oocyte from the inner layer of granulosa cells by the zona pellucida and further proliferation of theca cells

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20
Q

What is a zona pellucida?

A

A layer that contains glycoproteins for fertilization

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21
Q

What do Theca cells form?

A

The outer layer of the follicle

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22
Q

What is the fluid contained in the antrum of the early antral stage?

A

Antral fluid

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23
Q

When does a follicle proceed into the mature follicle stage?

A

If the follicle is chosen to complete final maturation

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24
Q

What is the mature follicle stage characterized by?

A

Profound proliferation of the theca and granulosa cells

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25
What changes in size during follicle growth?
The surrounding cells but not the ovum itself
26
What is the cumulus oophorus?
The Granulosa cells that project into the antrum and hold the ovum
27
What is the inner layer of granulosa cells closely associated with?
The oocyte
28
How is the inner layer of granulosa cells closely associated with an oocyte?
* Through cytoplasmic processes/gap junctions | * Channels for nutrient and chemical messenger exchange
29
What do granulosa cells do for the ovum?
They support and nurture the growth and maturation of the ovum
30
Why does the follicle grow?
By proliferation of granulosa cells
31
What do the Theca cells respond to?
LH
32
What do the theca cells stimulated by LH produce?
Estrogen
33
What does the antrum form from?
The secretions of granulosa cells
34
What happens with the preantral follicles at the beginning of a menstrual cycle?
10-25 follicles develop to larger antral follicles
35
When is a dominant follicle chosen in a menstrual cycle?
After 1 week of the menstrual cycle
36
How is the dominant follicle chosen?
By local estrogen secretion
37
What does a greater number of granulosa cells mean?
More estrogen can be produced
38
Why does the high local estrogen secretion of the dominant follicle do to the follicle?
* It acts in a paracrine function to simulate more estrogen receptors making it more susceptible * Estrogen will stimulate the expression of more FSH receptors
39
Which cells does LH act on?
Theca cells
40
Which cells does FSH act on?
Granulosa cells
41
What is the function of granulosa cells?
To nurture the ovum
42
What causes the enlargement of the dominant follicle?
Increased antral fluid
43
When does the primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?
At ovulation
44
What happens to the ovum at ovulation?
It becomes free from the cumulus oophorus
45
What day of the cycle does ovulation occur?
The 14th day
46
What does the antral fluid do at ovulation?
It causes pressure on the ovary and aids the movement of the ovum onto the surface of the ovary
47
What does the fimbriae do?
Brushes ovary the surface of the ovary to get the mature ovum to enter the fallopian tube
48
Where does fertilization occur?
In the oviduct/fallopian tube
49
What happens to the granulosa and theca cells after ovulation?
It forms the corpus luteum
50
What kind of organ is the corpus luteum?
An endocrine organ
51
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Estrogen, progesterone and inhibin
52
What happens to the corpus luteum if the ovum is not fertilized by a sperm cell?
It reaches max development in 10 days
53
What triggers menstruation?
The loss of endocrine secretions from the degenerated corpus luteum
54
What is the length of the average menstrual cycle?
28 days
55
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
* Follicular phase | * Luteal phase
56
What occurs during the follicular phase?
The follicles begin to develop and then one becomes the dominant follicle and develops into the secondary oocyte
57
What is the midpoint of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation
58
What is the luteal phase?
The part of the menstrual cycle that occurs after ovulation and until the death of the corpus luteum
59
What does GnRH do?
Acts at the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of gonadotropins FSH and LH
60
What does the degeneration of the corpus luteum do?
Causes loss of estrogen and progesterone
61
What are the levels of LH and FSH (gonadotropins) in the follicular phase?
Both FSH (higher than LH) and LH slowly increase as the follicle develops. But as the mature graafian follicle matures LH rises
62
What causes the rise in LH at the end of the follicular phase?
High estrogen from the follicle mediates a positive feedback effect on the anterior pituitary to release LH (LH Surge)
63
When does the LH surge occur?
24 hours before ovulation
64
What is required for Ovulation?
An LH surge
65
What are estrogen levels at the start of the menstrual cycle?
They are low because the corpus luteum has degenerated
66
What causes the rise of estrogen in the follicular phase?
Proliferation of granulosa cells under the direction of FSH that are producing estrogen
67
What happens when there is a consistent rise of estrogen in the follicular phase?
It produces a positive feedback at the hypothalamus which then produces more LH and FSH
68
What happens to estrogen after ovulation?
There is a dip in estrogen levels because the corpus luteum hasn't developed yet to produce estrogen
69
What are the levels of progesterone in the follicular phase?
There is really no progesterone in the follicular phase
70
When does progesterone get to be produced?
After ovulation

Physl Part 2 (96 decks)

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