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Physl Part 2 > Renal Physl 1-3 > Flashcards

Renal Physl 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary system comprised of?

A

The kidneys and associated structures

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys found?

A

In the posterior abdomen behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine

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3
Q

How long is each kidney?

A

About 10cm long

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4
Q

What is each kidney supplied with?

A

A neurovascular bundle

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5
Q

What does the neurovascular bundle consist of?

A

The renal arteries, veins, nerves, lymphatics and the ureter

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6
Q

What do the ureters drain into?

A

The urinary bladder

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7
Q

What reflex does the bladder use to contract?

A

The micturition reflex

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8
Q

What occurs during the micturition reflex?

A

The muscular bladder contracts to push urine through the urethra where it can then leave the body

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9
Q

Where does the urethra pass through in males?

A

The urethra passes through the prostate gland and is located within the shaft of the penis

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10
Q

What does the female urethra serve as a conduit for?

A

Exclusively for urine unlike males

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11
Q

Why can bacteria enter the female urethra more easily?

A

Because of its shorter length and close location to the anus

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12
Q

Which side of the kidney has a dip?

A

The medial side that faces the spine

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13
Q

What is the dip in the kidneys known as?

A

The renal hilum

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14
Q

Which vessels enter and leave at the renal hilum?

A

The renal artery enters the kidney and the renal vein leaves. Lymphatic vessels and nerves also track along the renal vessels. The ureter also emerges from the renal hilum

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15
Q

What does the ureter do?

A

Conducts urine down to the bladder

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16
Q

What are the kidneys covered in?

A

A tough fibrous capsule

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17
Q

What does the tough fibrous capsule surrounding the kidneys do?

A

Protects the delicate inner structure of the kidney while facilitating hemodynamic functions

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18
Q

What are the two key regions on the inside of the kidney?

A

The inner medulla and the outer cortex

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19
Q

What is the medulla divided into?

A

Cone shaped regions called renal pyramids

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20
Q

Where is the wide base of each pyramid located?

A

At the border between the cortex and the medulla

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21
Q

What does the narrow top of each pyramid end in?

A

A strucuture called the pepilla

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22
Q

What do the renal papilla project to?

A

The upper end of the ureter called the renal pelvis

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23
Q

What does urine from each papilla drain into?

A

Pouches called minor calyces that join into major calyces

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24
Q

What borders the renal pelvis?

A

The major calyces

25
Q

What does the structural tissue of the calyces and renal pelvis feature?

A

Contractile elements that exhibit rhythmic contractions that serve to push urine down towards the bladder

26
Q

What part of the kidneys has contractile tissue?

A

The calyces of the renal pelvis and the ureter

27
Q

What percent of cardiac output does the kidneys receive?

A

22%

28
Q

What does the renal artery branch into once it enters the hilum in order?

A
  • Interlobar arteries
  • Arcuate arteries
  • Interlobular arteries
  • Afferent arterioles
  • Glomerular capillaries
  • Efferent artierioles
29
Q

What blood vessels arise from the Glomerular capillaries?

A

Efferent arterioles

30
Q

What capillary bed does the efferent arterioles form?

A

The peritubular capillaries

31
Q

What are the characteristics of the capillary beds in the kidneys?

A

The kidneys contain two capillary bed in series

32
Q

What do the peritubular capillaries drain into?

A

Interlobular veins

33
Q

What is the order of blood vessels form the glomerular capillaries?

A
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Peritubular capillaries
  • Interlobular veins
  • Arcuate veins
  • Interlobar veins
  • Renal vein
34
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

35
Q

What percent of each type of nephron is located where?

A

80% of nephrons are located within the cortex and the remaining 20% begin at the border of the cortex and the medulla

36
Q

What are the characteristics of the 20% of nephrons that begin at the border of the cortex and medulla?

A

They have long tubules which project deep into the medulla

37
Q

What are cortical nephrons?

A

Nephrons located in the cortex

38
Q

What are juxtamedullary neurons?

A

The 20% of neurons that extend into the medulla

39
Q

What do peritubular capillaries surround?

A

The renal tubules

40
Q

What is unique about the peritubular capillaries in juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

They are longer and more specialized

41
Q

What is the vasa reca?

A

The peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubules

42
Q

What is the first part of a nephron?

A

The Bowman’s capsule

43
Q

What does the Bowman’s capsule surround?

A

Tthe glomerular tuft

44
Q

What is the Renal Corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus

45
Q

What enters Bowman’s capsule?

A

Fluid filtering from the capillaries

46
Q

What is the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries fused with?

A

The epithelium of Bowman’s capsule

47
Q

What does the fusion of the endothelium of the glomerulus with the epithelium bowman’s capsule do?

A

Ensures that any fluid that filters out of the the capillaries flow directly into bowman’s capsule and into the lumen of the tubular portion of the nephron

48
Q

What happens once fluid enters Bowman’s capsule?

A

It flows through successive segments of the renal tubules

49
Q

What is the order of flow from the Bowman’s capsule?

A
  • Proximal tubule
  • Loop of henle
  • Distal tubule
  • Collecting duct
  • Renal pelvis
  • Ureter, bladder, urethra
50
Q

What does the ascending portion of the loop of henle feature?

A

Thick and thin segments

51
Q

What does the collecting duct transverse?

A

The medulla

52
Q

What meets at the collecting duct?T

A

Filtrate from multiple nephrons

53
Q

Where do the collecting ducts drain into?

A

The renal pelvis which drain into the renal medulla

54
Q

What does the ascending limb of the loop of henle pass between?

A

The afferent and efferent arterioles

55
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

The ascending portion of the loop of henle that passes through the afferent and efferent arterioles

56
Q

Describe the tubular wall?

A
  • Epithelial cells
  • Connected by tight junctions
  • Apical and basolateral surface
57
Q

What are the features of the apical surface of the tube?

A

It faces the tubular lumen (renal interstitium) and forms microvilli

58
Q

What does the basal end of the epithelial cells rast on?

A

The basement membrane

59
Q

What is the Renal interstitium?

A

The space surround the nephrons and the peritubular capillaries

Physl Part 2 (96 decks)

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