Endocrinology 2

Question 1

What are the three classifications of hormones depending on the structure?

Answer 1

• Proteins
• Lipids
• Monoamines

Question 2

What are the three subtypes of Protein hormones?

Answer 2

• Small Peptides
• Polypeptides
• Glycoproteins

Question 3

What are Glycoproteins?

Answer 3

Proteins combined with a sugar

Question 4

What are the small peptides?

Answer 4

• TRH
• Oxytocin
• ADH

Question 5

What are the two subtypes of Lipid hormones?

Answer 5

• Steroids

* Eicosanoids

Question 6

What are steroid made from?

Answer 6

Cholesterol

Question 7

What are Eicosanoid made from?

Answer 7

Arachidonic acid

Question 8

Where are protein hormones soluble and insoluble?

Answer 8

They are soluble in an aqueous environment and insoluble in a fatty environment

Question 9

What are the two subtypes of Monamines?

Answer 9

• Catecholamines

* Thyroid stimulating hormones

Question 10

Where are steroid hormones relatively soluable?

Answer 10

In a fatty/lipid environment

Question 11

What are Catecholamines made of?

Answer 11

Tyrosine

Question 12

What are thyroid hormones made of?

Answer 12

Tyrosine

Question 13

How are steroid hormones produced?

Answer 13

• They start as cholesterol and is converted to Pregnenolone

* Pregnenolone is converted to progesterone which than can be converted to many things

Question 14

What three things can Progesterone be converted into?

Answer 14

• Testosterone
• Aldosterone
• Cortisol

Question 15

What can Testosterone be converted into?

Answer 15

Estrogen

Question 16

What two things can be converted to testosterone?

Answer 16

Pregnenolone and Progesterone

Question 17

What is Paracrine communication?

Answer 17

A hormone-producing cell targets nearby neighbouring cells, so the hormone stays nearby and diffuses through extracellular fluid

Question 18

What is autocrine communication?

Answer 18

A hormone-producing cell releases hormones and the hormones act on the cell that produced them. Or they do not even leave the cell and act on receptors within the cell (intercrine)

Question 19

How does neuroendocrine communication work?

Answer 19

The nerve and endocrine portion work together. The hormones are produced within the nerve cell body and are transported down the axon and are stored in the nerve terminal. Stimulation causes the release of the stored hormone which goes into the blood so that it can arrive at its target cell

Question 20

How do hormones interact with their targets?

Answer 20

The hormone or ligand binds to a receptor which interacts with other molecules leading to a response in the target cell

Question 21

What are the two classifications of hormone receptors?

Answer 21

1. Cell surface receptors

2. Intracellular receptors

Question 22

What are cell surface receptors?

Answer 22

Proteins which bind to protein hormones and to catecholamine

Question 23

What are Intracellular receptors?

Answer 23

Proteins which bind to steroid hormones and to thyroid hormones, T3 and T4

Question 24

What are the two types of Cell surface receptors?

Answer 24

• G-protein linked receptors

* Catalytic receptors

Question 25

What do G-proteins regulate?

Answer 25

Intracellular second messengers (cAMP, DAG, Ca2+)

Question 26

What are Catalytic receptors?

Answer 26

Receptors that either have enzyme activity (tyrosine kinase) or are closely associated with an enzyme after binding to a ligand

Question 27

Which kinds of hormones bind to catalytic receptors?

Answer 27

Insulin and growth hormone