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Physl Part 2 > Endocrinology 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Endocrinology 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of receptor does adrenaline bind to?

A

A g-protein-linked receptor

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2
Q

How do G-proteins work?

A
  • A ligand binds
  • Causes a change in an enzyme in cell membrane (ex. adenylate cyclase)
  • Causes the production of a second messenger (cAMP)
  • cAMP acts on protein kinase and activates it (pka)
  • Protein kinase can cause phosphorylation of proteins
  • Proteins can bring about a response in the target cell
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3
Q

What is a very well known second messenger?

A

cAMP

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4
Q

Where in the cell are intracellular receptors mainly found?

A

In the cytoplasm or nucleus or bound to DNA in the nucleus

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5
Q

What happens after a ligand binds to the receptor in the cytoplasm?

A

The combo of hormone and receptor will pass into the nucleus

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6
Q

What does the combination of hormone and receptor do in the cell?

A

They bind to the DNA and act as a transcription factor

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7
Q

What do transcription factors do?

A

Bring about changes in transcription and translation

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8
Q

What is interesting about thyroid hormone receptors

A

They are thought to be bound all the time to the DNA in the nucleus and when the receptor is bound to the DNA it is inactive. When the thyroid hormone comes along and binds to the receptor it is activated

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9
Q

What is the output of hormones controlled by?

A

Negative and Positive feedback

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10
Q

How does Metabolism affect a hormone?

A

It can make it more active or less active

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11
Q

How does Binding to plasma proteins affect a hormone?

A

When a hormone binds to a plasma protein, it solubilizes so it has a harder time diffusing into a cell. So steroid hormones need to be bound and carried in that bound form to their targets

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12
Q

What is the activity of a hormone bound to plasma proteins?

A

It has no activity for the time that it is bound

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13
Q

What is the relation between protein hormones and catecholamines?

A

They are separate families but share similar properties

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14
Q

Where do the catecholamines come from?

A

The adrenal medulla

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15
Q

Which types of hormones are water soluable?

A

Proteins and catecholamines

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16
Q

What are the protein hormones made of?

A

Amino acids

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17
Q

What are the catecholamines made of?

A

Tyrosine

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18
Q

How are Protein hormones stores and secreted?

A

They are store in granules and secreted by exocytosis

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19
Q

How are protein hormones transported in the blood?

A

They do not need solubilization in the blood

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20
Q

How fast are the course of actions of Protein hormones?

A

They are relatively fast

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21
Q

What is another reason for hormones to bind to plasma proteins?

A

It helps to prevent overly fast breakdown of the hormone

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22
Q

Where are the steroid hormones produced?

A
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Ovaries and Testes
  • Thyroid gland
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23
Q

What is the solubility of steroid hormones?

A

They are lipid soluble

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24
Q

What are steroid hormones synthesized from?

A

From cholesterol

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25
Q

How are steroid hormones stored or secreted?

A

They are not stored and secreted by diffusion

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26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?

A

Mainly by regulation of gene expression in the target cell nucleus

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27
Q

What is the time course of action of steroid hormones?

A

Relatively slow

28
Q

What acts as the overall controlling system of most of the other hormones in the body?

A

The hypothalamus and the pituitary

29
Q

What are the names of the two parts of the pituitary?

A
  • Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

* Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

30
Q

What does the pituitary stalk do?

A

Connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary

31
Q

What is the upper region of the stalk called?

A

The medial eminence

32
Q

What is the Posterior pituitary derived from?

A

A down growth from the brain

33
Q

What does the tissue of the posterior pituitary look like?

A

Neural tissue

34
Q

What is the anterior pituitary derived from?

A

An upgrowth from the mouth region

35
Q

What is the primary capillary plexus?

A

The network of capillaries that the artery forms in the hypothalamus

36
Q

What does the primary plexus go on to form?

A

They rejoin to form Portal Blood Vessels

37
Q

What is a Portal blood vessel system?

A

One that has capillaries at both ends of it

38
Q

Where do the Portal blood vessels go?

A

They pass down the pituitary stalk and go to the anterior pituitary

39
Q

What happens one the Portal blood vessels pass down the the stalk?

A

They turn into the secondary plexus in the anterior pituitary

40
Q

Where does blood go from the secondary plexus in the anterior pituitary?

A

The capillaries join together to form the vein

41
Q

Where do the neurons that affect the pituitary have their cell bodies?

A

In the hypothalamus

42
Q

What can the neurons in the hypothalamus do?

A

Produce hormones

43
Q

Where do the hormones produced by the neurons go?

A

Onto the primary plexus

44
Q

Where do neurohormones go from the primary plexus?

A

They travel down the portal blood vessels down the secondary plexus and enter the endocrine tissue of the anterior pituitary

45
Q

What happens once neurohormones leave the pituitary plexus?

A

They go on to affect cells in the anterior pituitary causing the release of hormones from those cells

46
Q

What are the Supraoptic nucleus and Paraventricular Nucleus?

A

Regions in the hypothalamus where there are cell bodies neurons that communicate with the posterior pituitary

47
Q

Where do hormones produced by the SON and PVN go?

A

The go down the cell axon to the posterior pituitary and into a network of capillaries of the posterior pituitary

48
Q

What hormones are released from the Anterior Pituitary?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)
  • TSH
  • Prolactin (PRL)
  • Growth Hormone GH
49
Q

What is the main target of FSH?

A

Ovaries and testes

50
Q

What are the main targets of LH?

A

Ovaries and testes

51
Q

What are the main targets of ACTH?

A

Adrenal cortex

52
Q

What are the main targets of TSH?

A

Thyroid gland

53
Q

What are the main targets of prolactin?

A

Mammary glnds

54
Q

What are the main targets of growth hormone?

A

Most tissues

55
Q

What type of hormones are the ones that come from the anterior pituitary?

A

Protein hormones

56
Q

What is different about FSH and LH?

A

They are produced from the same cells

57
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

FLATPG (flat pig)

58
Q

What are the 6 Hypothalamic hormones?

A
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormones (CRH)
  • Thyrotropin releasing hormones (TRH)
  • Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine) (PIH + DA)
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Somatostatin or Growth Hormone Inhibiting hormone (SS or GHIH)
59
Q

What does Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone do?

A

Increases FSH and LH

60
Q

What does Corticotropin Releasing Hormone do?

A

Increases ACTH

61
Q

What does Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone do?

A

Increases TSH

62
Q

What does Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (Dopamine) do?

A

Decreases PRL

63
Q

What does Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone do?

A

Increases GH

64
Q

What does Somatostatin do?

A

Decreases Growth Hormone

65
Q

What type of hormones are the hypothalamic hormones?

A

All are are peptides except for PIH

66
Q

What is the way to remember to Hypothalamic Hormones?

A

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Physl Part 2 (96 decks)

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