Endocrinology 3 and 4

Question 1

What kind of receptor does adrenaline bind to?

Answer 1

A g-protein-linked receptor

Question 2

How do G-proteins work?

Answer 2

• A ligand binds
• Causes a change in an enzyme in cell membrane (ex. adenylate cyclase)
• Causes the production of a second messenger (cAMP)
• cAMP acts on protein kinase and activates it (pka)
• Protein kinase can cause phosphorylation of proteins
• Proteins can bring about a response in the target cell

Question 3

What is a very well known second messenger?

Answer 3

cAMP

Question 4

Where in the cell are intracellular receptors mainly found?

Answer 4

In the cytoplasm or nucleus or bound to DNA in the nucleus

Question 5

What happens after a ligand binds to the receptor in the cytoplasm?

Answer 5

The combo of hormone and receptor will pass into the nucleus

Question 6

What does the combination of hormone and receptor do in the cell?

Answer 6

They bind to the DNA and act as a transcription factor

Question 7

What do transcription factors do?

Answer 7

Bring about changes in transcription and translation

Question 8

What is interesting about thyroid hormone receptors

Answer 8

They are thought to be bound all the time to the DNA in the nucleus and when the receptor is bound to the DNA it is inactive. When the thyroid hormone comes along and binds to the receptor it is activated

Question 9

What is the output of hormones controlled by?

Answer 9

Negative and Positive feedback

Question 10

How does Metabolism affect a hormone?

Answer 10

It can make it more active or less active

Question 11

How does Binding to plasma proteins affect a hormone?

Answer 11

When a hormone binds to a plasma protein, it solubilizes so it has a harder time diffusing into a cell. So steroid hormones need to be bound and carried in that bound form to their targets

Question 12

What is the activity of a hormone bound to plasma proteins?

Answer 12

It has no activity for the time that it is bound

Question 13

What is the relation between protein hormones and catecholamines?

Answer 13

They are separate families but share similar properties

Question 14

Where do the catecholamines come from?

Answer 14

The adrenal medulla

Question 15

Which types of hormones are water soluable?

Answer 15

Proteins and catecholamines

Question 16

What are the protein hormones made of?

Answer 16

Amino acids

Question 17

What are the catecholamines made of?

Answer 17

Tyrosine

Question 18

How are Protein hormones stores and secreted?

Answer 18

They are store in granules and secreted by exocytosis

Question 19

How are protein hormones transported in the blood?

Answer 19

They do not need solubilization in the blood

Question 20

How fast are the course of actions of Protein hormones?

Answer 20

They are relatively fast

Question 21

What is another reason for hormones to bind to plasma proteins?

Answer 21

It helps to prevent overly fast breakdown of the hormone

Question 22

Where are the steroid hormones produced?

Answer 22

• Adrenal cortex
• Ovaries and Testes
• Thyroid gland

Question 23

What is the solubility of steroid hormones?

Answer 23

They are lipid soluble

Question 24

What are steroid hormones synthesized from?

Answer 24

From cholesterol

Question 25

How are steroid hormones stored or secreted?

Answer 25

They are not stored and secreted by diffusion

Question 26

What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?

Answer 26

Mainly by regulation of gene expression in the target cell nucleus

Question 27

What is the time course of action of steroid hormones?

Answer 27

Relatively slow

Question 28

What acts as the overall controlling system of most of the other hormones in the body?

Answer 28

The hypothalamus and the pituitary

Question 29

What are the names of the two parts of the pituitary?

Answer 29

* Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) | * Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Question 30

What does the pituitary stalk do?

Answer 30

Connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary

Question 31

What is the upper region of the stalk called?

Answer 31

The medial eminence

Question 32

What is the Posterior pituitary derived from?

Answer 32

A down growth from the brain

Question 33

What does the tissue of the posterior pituitary look like?

Answer 33

Neural tissue

Question 34

What is the anterior pituitary derived from?

Answer 34

An upgrowth from the mouth region

Question 35

What is the primary capillary plexus?

Answer 35

The network of capillaries that the artery forms in the hypothalamus

Question 36

What does the primary plexus go on to form?

Answer 36

They rejoin to form Portal Blood Vessels

Question 37

What is a Portal blood vessel system?

Answer 37

One that has capillaries at both ends of it

Question 38

Where do the Portal blood vessels go?

Answer 38

They pass down the pituitary stalk and go to the anterior pituitary

Question 39

What happens one the Portal blood vessels pass down the the stalk?

Answer 39

They turn into the secondary plexus in the anterior pituitary

Question 40

Where does blood go from the secondary plexus in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 40

The capillaries join together to form the vein

Question 41

Where do the neurons that affect the pituitary have their cell bodies?

Answer 41

In the hypothalamus

Question 42

What can the neurons in the hypothalamus do?

Answer 42

Produce hormones

Question 43

Where do the hormones produced by the neurons go?

Answer 43

Onto the primary plexus

Question 44

Where do neurohormones go from the primary plexus?

Answer 44

They travel down the portal blood vessels down the secondary plexus and enter the endocrine tissue of the anterior pituitary

Question 45

What happens once neurohormones leave the pituitary plexus?

Answer 45

They go on to affect cells in the anterior pituitary causing the release of hormones from those cells

Question 46

What are the Supraoptic nucleus and Paraventricular Nucleus?

Answer 46

Regions in the hypothalamus where there are cell bodies neurons that communicate with the posterior pituitary

Question 47

Where do hormones produced by the SON and PVN go?

Answer 47

The go down the cell axon to the posterior pituitary and into a network of capillaries of the posterior pituitary

Question 48

What hormones are released from the Anterior Pituitary?

Answer 48

* FSH * LH * Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) * TSH * Prolactin (PRL) * Growth Hormone GH

Question 49

What is the main target of FSH?

Answer 49

Ovaries and testes

Question 50

What are the main targets of LH?

Answer 50

Ovaries and testes

Question 51

What are the main targets of ACTH?

Answer 51

Adrenal cortex

Question 52

What are the main targets of TSH?

Answer 52

Thyroid gland

Question 53

What are the main targets of prolactin?

Answer 53

Mammary glnds

Question 54

What are the main targets of growth hormone?

Answer 54

Most tissues

Question 55

What type of hormones are the ones that come from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 55

Protein hormones

Question 56

What is different about FSH and LH?

Answer 56

They are produced from the same cells

Question 57

What is the mnemonic to remember the anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 57

FLATPG (flat pig)

Question 58

What are the 6 Hypothalamic hormones?

Answer 58

* Gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) * Corticotropin releasing hormones (CRH) * Thyrotropin releasing hormones (TRH) * Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine) (PIH + DA) * Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) * Somatostatin or Growth Hormone Inhibiting hormone (SS or GHIH)

Question 59

What does Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone do?

Answer 59

Increases FSH and LH

Question 60

What does Corticotropin Releasing Hormone do?

Answer 60

Increases ACTH

Question 61

What does Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone do?

Answer 61

Increases TSH

Question 62

What does Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (Dopamine) do?

Answer 62

Decreases PRL

Question 63

What does Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone do?

Answer 63

Increases GH

Question 64

What does Somatostatin do?

Answer 64

Decreases Growth Hormone

Question 65

What type of hormones are the hypothalamic hormones?

Answer 65

All are are peptides except for PIH

Question 66

What is the way to remember to Hypothalamic Hormones?

Answer 66

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