Endocrinology 19

Question 1

How does Insulin affect the muscle tissue?

Answer 1

Insulin increases the uptake of glucose by muscle tissue and increases its deposition into the glycogen storage form

Question 2

How does Insulin affect Adipose tissue?

Answer 2

It increases the uptake of glucose into fatty or adipose tissue

Question 3

What can glucose be converted to in Adipose tissue?

Answer 3

Fatty acids or triglycerides

Question 4

How does insulin affect the transport of glucose into the liver?

Answer 4

It doesn’t

Question 5

How does insulin influence the liver?

Answer 5

It stimulates or inhibits various enzymes so that more glucose can be converted to glycogen

Question 6

How does insulin affect amino acids and muscle?

Answer 6

Insulin increases the uptake of amino acids into muscle

Question 7

What can happen once amino acids enter the muscle?

Answer 7

They can be converted into protein

Question 8

How does insulin affect amino acids and the liver?

Answer 8

Insulin increases the uptake of amino acids into the liver

Question 9

What is the overall role of insulin?

Answer 9

It increases the uptake of glucose into various tissues to be converted into different storage molecules

Question 10

Which tissues can take up glucose in the absence of insulin?

Answer 10

The liver and the brain

Question 11

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 11

Building up glycogen

Question 12

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 12

Breaking down glycogen

Question 13

What is gluconeogensis?

Answer 13

The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substances

Question 14

What kind of hormone is insulin?

Answer 14

A protein hormone

Question 15

What is the insulin receptor made of?

Answer 15

2 alpha and 2 beta subunits

Question 16

What do the intracellular portion of the insulin receptor have?

Answer 16

Tyrosine kinase activity

Question 17

How does binding of the insulin receptor to insulin affect it?

Answer 17

It activates the tyrosine kinase activity

Question 18

What happens when tyrosine kinase becomes active due to the presence of insulin and its receptor?

Answer 18

It causes changes in insulin receptor substrates which can affect transport systems, enzyme activity, gene expression

Question 19

What are the two families of transport mechanisms of glucose?

Answer 19

• SGLTs (secondary active transport)

* GLUT (facilitated transport)

Question 20

Which transporters transport glucose through secondary active transport?

Answer 20

SGLT 1 and SGLT 2

Question 21

How do SGLT 1 and SGLT 2 work?

Answer 21

They transport glucose by secondary active transport at the same time as sodium

Question 22

Which direction does glucose move with SGLT transporters?

Answer 22

Uphill

Question 23

Which direction does glucose move with GLUT transporters?

Answer 23

Downhill

Question 24

Which GLUT is insulin sensetive?

Answer 24

GLUT 4

Question 25

Where us GLUT 1 and 2 found?

Answer 25

In the GI tract

Question 26

In which cells does insulin affect glucose transporters?

Answer 26

Muscle and adipose cells

Question 27

How does insulin cause it effects on GLUT 4?

Answer 27

It causes them to dock into the cell membrane from vesicles and allow glucose in

Question 28

Through what mechanism does Glucagon act?

Answer 28

via cAMP

Question 29

Where does glucose come from short term?

Answer 29

Glucose is readily available in blood soon after a meal is eaten

Question 30

Where does glucose come from long term?

Answer 30

The liver glycogen stores are broken down through glycogenolysis

Question 31

What does Glucagon do?

Answer 31

Increases mobilization of fuels when needed

Question 32

Where is the main site of action of glucagon?

Answer 32

The liver

Question 33

How does Glucagon affect blood glucose?

Answer 33

It increases blood glucose