Endocrinology 19 Flashcards

1
Q

How does Insulin affect the muscle tissue?

A

Insulin increases the uptake of glucose by muscle tissue and increases its deposition into the glycogen storage form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does Insulin affect Adipose tissue?

A

It increases the uptake of glucose into fatty or adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can glucose be converted to in Adipose tissue?

A

Fatty acids or triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does insulin affect the transport of glucose into the liver?

A

It doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does insulin influence the liver?

A

It stimulates or inhibits various enzymes so that more glucose can be converted to glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does insulin affect amino acids and muscle?

A

Insulin increases the uptake of amino acids into muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can happen once amino acids enter the muscle?

A

They can be converted into protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does insulin affect amino acids and the liver?

A

Insulin increases the uptake of amino acids into the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the overall role of insulin?

A

It increases the uptake of glucose into various tissues to be converted into different storage molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which tissues can take up glucose in the absence of insulin?

A

The liver and the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Building up glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Breaking down glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is gluconeogensis?

A

The formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of hormone is insulin?

A

A protein hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the insulin receptor made of?

A

2 alpha and 2 beta subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do the intracellular portion of the insulin receptor have?

A

Tyrosine kinase activity

17
Q

How does binding of the insulin receptor to insulin affect it?

A

It activates the tyrosine kinase activity

18
Q

What happens when tyrosine kinase becomes active due to the presence of insulin and its receptor?

A

It causes changes in insulin receptor substrates which can affect transport systems, enzyme activity, gene expression

19
Q

What are the two families of transport mechanisms of glucose?

A
  • SGLTs (secondary active transport)

* GLUT (facilitated transport)

20
Q

Which transporters transport glucose through secondary active transport?

A

SGLT 1 and SGLT 2

21
Q

How do SGLT 1 and SGLT 2 work?

A

They transport glucose by secondary active transport at the same time as sodium

22
Q

Which direction does glucose move with SGLT transporters?

23
Q

Which direction does glucose move with GLUT transporters?

24
Q

Which GLUT is insulin sensetive?

25
Where us GLUT 1 and 2 found?
In the GI tract
26
In which cells does insulin affect glucose transporters?
Muscle and adipose cells
27
How does insulin cause it effects on GLUT 4?
It causes them to dock into the cell membrane from vesicles and allow glucose in
28
Through what mechanism does Glucagon act?
via cAMP
29
Where does glucose come from short term?
Glucose is readily available in blood soon after a meal is eaten
30
Where does glucose come from long term?
The liver glycogen stores are broken down through glycogenolysis
31
What does Glucagon do?
Increases mobilization of fuels when needed
32
Where is the main site of action of glucagon?
The liver
33
How does Glucagon affect blood glucose?
It increases blood glucose