Respiratory 10 & 11

Question 1

What two additional tests can be done with Spirometry?

Answer 1

• Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1)

* Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Question 2

What is asked of the patients when performing a FEV1 and FVC?

Answer 2

The patron makes a maximal inspiration and then you ask the patient after the maximal inspiration to make an exploratory effort to exhale as much as they can as fast as they can

Question 3

How is the Forced Vital Capacity different from Vital Capacity?

Answer 3

Forced expiratory volume describes how much of the vital capacity volume that can be expelled in one second

Question 4

What is the Forced Expiration (FEV1) like in a healthy patient?

Answer 4

A healthy person can normally expel most of the air from their lungs in one second

Question 5

What is the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)?

Answer 5

The total amount of air that is blown out in one breath after max inspiration as fast as possible

Question 6

What is the equation for Vital Capacity?

Answer 6

TV + IRV + ERV = Vital Capacity

Question 7

What does the Ration FEV1/FVC represent?

Answer 7

The proportion of air that is blown out in one second

Question 8

What do patients with obstructive disease have a difficulty doing?

Answer 8

Exhaling all the air from the lungs

Question 9

In what diseases is the obstructive pattern typical?

Answer 9

• Bronchial asthma
• COPD
• Cystic fibrosis

Question 10

How is the FEV volume affected in obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 10

The FEV1 is greatly reduced

Question 11

How is expiration affected by people with obstructive lung diseases?

Answer 11

Expiration is much slower

Question 12

How is FVC affected in the obstructive pattern?

Answer 12

It can be normal or reduced

Question 13

What is that ratio FEV1/FVC like in the obstructive pattern?

Answer 13

It is lower, typically <0.7

Question 14

Which agonists reduce bronchospasm in people with asthma?

Answer 14

Beta 2 adrenergic agonists

Question 15

What occurs in people with the restrictive pattern?

Answer 15

They have a reduced ability to fill their lungs with air

Question 16

What are restrictive lung patterns usually due to?

Answer 16

Conditions that cause stiffness of the lungs, or chest wall and muscles

Question 17

How are FEV1 and FVC affected by restrictive pattern diseases?

Answer 17

FEV1 and FVC are reduced

Question 18

How is the ratio of FEV1/FVC affected by the restrictive pattern?

Answer 18

FEV1/FVC is almost normal

Question 19

Which diseases exhibit the restrictive pattern?

Answer 19

• Lung fibrosis
• Neuromuscular diseases (ALS, muscular dystrophy)
• Scarring of the lung tissue

Question 20

What method can measure functional residual capacity?

Answer 20

The helium dilution method

Question 21

What is the functional Residual Capacity?

Answer 21

The amount of air that is in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

Question 22

How does the Helium dilution test work?

Answer 22

• A participant is asked to breathe in in a out a mixture of helium and oxygen with a known concentration
• We let the patient do this until their is an equilibrium between the stuff that is breathed in and out

Question 23

What does V2 represent in the Helium test?

Answer 23

The total residual volume

Question 24

What is the equation used in the Helium Dilution test?

Answer 24

V2 + V1 (C1- C2) / (C2)

Question 25

What are Static properties of the lung?

Answer 25

Mechanical properties that are present in the lungs and occuring when no air is flowing

Question 26

What are the Static properties mostly correlated with?

Answer 26

Maintenance of lung volume

Question 27

What are the Static properties of the lung?

Answer 27

• Intrapleural pressure
• Transpulmonary pressure
• Static compliance of the lung
• Surface tension of the lung

Question 28

What are Dynamic properties of the lung?

Answer 28

Mechanical properties when the lungs are changing volume and air is flowing in and out

Question 29

What are the Dynamic properties necessary for?

Answer 29

Permitting airflow

Question 30

What are the dynamic properties of the lungs?

Answer 30

• Alveolar pressure
• Dynamic lung compliance
• Airway and tissue resistance

Question 31

What is Ventilation?

Answer 31

The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli

Question 32

What is Bulk flow?

Answer 32

When gas moves from high pressure to low pressure

Question 33

What does Boyle’s law state?

Answer 33

For a fixed amount of an ideal gas kept at a fixed temperature, P and V are inversely proportional (when one increases the other one decreases)

Question 34

What is the equation for boyle’s law?

Answer 34

P1V1 = P2V2

Question 35

What is flow generated by in the lungs?

Answer 35

A difference in pressure between the atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure

Question 36

What is the equation of flow?

Answer 36

F = ∆P/R

Question 37

What is the Pleura?

Answer 37

A thin double layered envelope that encases the lung

Question 38

What does the Visceral Pleura cover?

Answer 38

The external surface of the lung

Question 39

What does the Parietal Pleura cover?

Answer 39

The Thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm

Question 40

What does the Intrapleural fluid cover?

Answer 40

It reduces friction of lung against thoracic wall during breathing

Question 41

What do the the lungs have a tendency to do?

Answer 41

The lungs have a tendency to collapse due to elastic recoil

Question 42

What does the Chest wall have a natural tendency to do?

Answer 42

It has a natural tendency to expand