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Physl Part 2 > Repro Physl 2 > Flashcards

Repro Physl 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cholesterol the main synthesis for?

A

The sex hormones

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2
Q

What does Aromatase do?

A

Converts progesterone to Estrone a type of estrogen

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3
Q

What does Aromatase do?

A

Converts testosterone to Estradiol

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4
Q

What does 5-alpha reductase do?

A

Converts testosterone to DHT which is more potent

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5
Q

What kind of actions do the Androgens typically have?

A

Masculinizing actions

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6
Q

What is an example of an androgen?

A

Testosterone

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7
Q

What are the Androgens mostly synthesized by?

A

The testes

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8
Q

Where does other androgen synthesis occur?

A

In the adrenal cortex

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9
Q

What is the difference between adrenal source androgens and testes androgens?

A

Adrenal source androgens tend to be less potent than testosterone

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10
Q

What is the issue with adrenal gland androgens?

A

They are not potent enough to maintain normal reproductive function

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11
Q

Where are androgen produced in women?

A

In the adrenal glands

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12
Q

Can androgens be produced in ovaries?

A

Yes but in small amounts

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13
Q

What is DHT?

A

A more potent form of testosterone synthesized by 5-alpha-reductase

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14
Q

Where are most estrogens produced in females?

A

The ovaries

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15
Q

What is the prominent circulating form of estrogen in women of reproductive age?

A

Estradiol

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16
Q

What is Estrone?

A

The prominent estrogen in post menopausal women

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17
Q

What is Estriol?

A

The prominent estrogen found in pregnant women produced by the placenta

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18
Q

What do estrogens require to become estrogens?

A

They need to be produced from androgens via aromatization

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19
Q

What does Enzyme aromatase do?

A

Facilitates the transition from androgens to estrogens

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20
Q

Where are estrogens in males released?

A

From the testes and in non-gonadal tissues like the brain, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue

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21
Q

Which tissues possess aromatase in males to convert androgens to estrogens?

A

Adipose tissue, brain, skeletal muscle

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22
Q

What is Progesterone produced by?

A

The ovaries

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23
Q

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is progesterone produced?

A

The luteal phase

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24
Q

What is the precursor of progesterone in males?

A

Pregnenolone

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25
Q

In addition to the ovaries, where can progesterone also be procued?

A

The adrenal glands

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26
Q

What hormones does the placenta produced?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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27
Q

What is the solubility of gonadal hormones?

A

They are lipid soluble so they can diffuse easily into cells

28
Q

What do Gonadal steroid hormones do once they diffuse into a cell? (classical pathway)

A

They bind to the receptor and form a hormone-receptor complex which binds to DNA and modify mRNA formation leading to the modification of protein synthesis and alter circulating protein levels

29
Q

What are the characteristics of the non-genomic pathway of Gonadal Steroids?

A
  • More rapid
  • Different receptor
  • In various tissues
30
Q

What are the Gonadal Steroid important for?

A
  • Development of accessory reproductive organs

* Development of secondary sex characteristics

31
Q

What are the accessory reproductive organs?

A
  • Duct system carrying sperm or eggs

* Breast development

32
Q

What are Secondary Sexual Characteristics?

A
  • Phenotypic difference between males and females
  • Hair distribution
  • Body shape
  • Height
33
Q

What produces Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

The Hypothalamus

34
Q

Where does GnRH go from the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels to the anterior pituitary

35
Q

Which portion of the pituitary does GnRH act on?

A

The anterior pituitary

36
Q

What is the source of GnRH?

A

The neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus

37
Q

How does GnRH affect the anterior pituitary?

A

It stimulates the release of FSH and LH

38
Q

Where do FSH and LH go from the anterior pituitary?

A

They go into the circulation and act on the Gonads

39
Q

How do FSH and LH affect the gonads?

A

Facilitates the production of sex hormones and support gametogenesis

40
Q

Where does the stimulation of the production of sex hormones by FSH and LH act?

A

Anywhere in the body with estrogen and androgen receptors

41
Q

What has a negative feedback on GnRH?

A

The production of sex hormones and FSH and LH

42
Q

How do sex hormones affect FSH and LH release?

A

Testosterone has a negative feedback effect on the anterior pituitary. And estrogen can have either a positive or negative feedback effect

43
Q

How does impaired function of the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary affect gonadal steroids and gametogenesis?

A

It causes failure to secrete gonadal steroid and gametogenesis

44
Q

What does LH tend to act on and what does it do?

A

The endocrine cells of the gonads (ovaries or testes) and causes them to produces steroid and peptide hormones

45
Q

What does FSH tend to stimulate?

A

Gamete production

46
Q

What is the dual role of LH in females?

A

It plays a role in gamete production and stimulates endocrine cells to produces steroid and peptide hormones

47
Q

What happens if there is not enough LH?

A

Ovulation cannot happen

48
Q

Which levels of estrogen have negative feedback effects?

A

Low-moderate levels

49
Q

What kind of feedback do high levels of estrogen have?

A

It has a positive feedback effect

50
Q

What is the pattern of GnRH release?

A

It has pulsing release every 1-3 hrs

51
Q

What is the pulse of GnRH followed by?

A

A pulse in FSH and LH

52
Q

What is the GnRH pulse generator?

A

The region of the hypothalamus responsible for producing GnRH

53
Q

Why is GnRH released in pulses?

A

Because steady high levels down-regulates the receptors on gonadotropin cells in the pituitary

54
Q

How does a GnRH agonist affect cancer cells?

A

It slows the growth the cancer cells by down regulating the receptors

55
Q

Where do GnRH neurons receive input?

A

Other brain regions or circulating hormones

56
Q

What does kisspeptin do?

A

Controls the pulsatile pattern of the GnRH neurons

57
Q

What hormones are located upstream of GnRH neurons?

A

Kisspeptin neurons

58
Q

What is kisspeptin responsible for initiating?

A

Puberty

59
Q

What kind of feedback can things have on kisspeptin neurons?

A

sex hormones can have negative or positive feedback on kisspeptin neurons

60
Q

What is the regulation of LH and FSH release by sex hormones in addition to?

A

Inhibins

61
Q

Where are inhibins produced and what they do?

A

They are produced by the gonads and contribute to the control of gonadotropin release and FSH release from the anterior pituitary

62
Q

What is reproductive function in females affected by?

A
  • Stress
  • Nutritional status
  • Daylight cycle
  • Environmental estrogens
63
Q

How does Melatonin affect GnRH production?

A

It tends to inhibit GnRH production

64
Q

Why are environmental estrogens bad?

A

Because they act in the body the same way that estrogens do and bind to estrogen receptors or they may be anti-estrogenic

65
Q

Where can environmental toxins accumulate?

A

In fat tissue

Physl Part 2 (96 decks)

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