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Physl Part 2 > Endocrinology 13 and 14 > Flashcards

Endocrinology 13 and 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What three things do Thyroid hormones do?

A
  • Act on most tissues and change transcription and translation
  • Increase metabolism
  • Necessary for growth and development
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2
Q

How does thyroid hormone affect the basal metabolic rate?

A

They increase the BMR

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3
Q

How does thyroid hormone affect O2 consumption and heat production?

A

It increases both

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4
Q

How does Thyroid hormones affect CHO absorption and utilization?

A

It increases both

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5
Q

How does thyroid hormone affect proteins?

A

It increases protein breakdown (muscle)

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6
Q

How does Thyroid hormones affect fats?

A

It increases fat breakdown

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7
Q

How does Thyroid hormone affect cholesterol?

A

It increases cholesterol metabolism which decreases blood cholesterol level

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8
Q

How does thyroid hormone affect growth and development?

A

They can act as tissue growth factors

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9
Q

In what amounts can thyroid hormone increase protein synthesis?

A

In small amounts

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10
Q

How does thyroid hormone affect GH and IGF?

A

It increases the output of growth hormone which increases the output of insulin-like growth factor

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11
Q

What are the thyroid hormones essential for?

A

CNS maturation in fetus/newborn

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12
Q

How do the thyroid hormones affect the cardiovascular system?

A

They increase the rate and the force with which the heart is beating

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13
Q

How do the thyroid hormones affect the autonomic system?

A

They increase the activity of certain subtypes and receptors (like beta-adrenergic receptors)

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14
Q

How do the thyroid hormones affect the reproductive system?

A

Imbalance affects fertility

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15
Q

How do the thyroid hormones affect the bones?

A

It increases bone turnover

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16
Q

Where is Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) released from and what does it do?

A

It is released for the hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH

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17
Q

Where is TSH released from and what does it do?

A

It is released from the anterior pituitary can causes T3 and T4 to be released from the thyroid gland

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18
Q

How is T3 and T4 release inhibited?

A

By T3 and T4 exerting negative feedback on the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus to stop them from releasing TRH and TSH

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19
Q

What is the overactivity of the thyroid gland associated with?

A

Graves disease

20
Q

What is Grave Disease?

A

An autoimmune disorder which stimulates the thyroid gland

21
Q

What are the symptoms of Graves disease?

A

An increase in basal metabolic rate, exophthalmos and goitre

22
Q

What is underactivity of the thyroid associated with?

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis or Iodine deficiency

23
Q

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

An autoimmune disorder which destroys the thyroid gland or blocks hormone synthesis

24
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Myxedema
  • Goitre
  • Cretinism
25
Q

Where is most of the calcium in the body located?

A

In the bone

26
Q

Where is the rest of calcium not in bones found?

A

In other tissues

27
Q

What can the calcium found in tissues be divided into?

A

The extracellular and intracellular fluid

28
Q

Where is most of the calcium in the tissues found?

A

In the intracellular fluid

29
Q

Of the intracellular calcium how much is in the bound form?

A

Majority in the bound form than free form

30
Q

Of the extracellular calcium how much is in the bound form?

A

Equal mix (50/50)

31
Q

Which calcium is under hormonal control?

A

The free calcium in the extracellular fluid

32
Q

Which concentration of calcium is greater in the ECF than the ICF?

A

The concentration of free ionized calcium

33
Q

Where can we get calcium from?

A
  • Diet

* Bone

34
Q

Why is calcium so important?

A
  • Structural role
  • Blood coagulation
  • Intracellular messenger
  • Regulation of excitability
35
Q

What is phosphate important for?

A
  • Structural role
  • Metabolism
  • Buffer
36
Q

Where does Parathyroid hormone come from?

A

The parathyroid glands

37
Q

Where can active vitamin D act as a hormone?

A

In the kidneys

38
Q

Where is calcitonin derived from?

A

C-cells in the thyroid gland

39
Q

What are the three targets of calcium influencing drugs?

A
  • Bone
  • GI tract
  • Kidneys
40
Q

What is bone made up of largely?

A

A calcified matrix

41
Q

What is the calcified matrix made of?

A
  • A protein framework (osteoid, mainly collagen)

* Calcium and phosphate salts (mainly hydroxyapatite)

42
Q

What are the three types of cells present in the bone?

A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteocytes
43
Q

What are Osteoblasts known as?

A

Bone forming cells

44
Q

What are Osteoclasts known as?

A

The bone destroying cells

45
Q

What are the most common type of cell in the bone?

A

Osteocytes

Physl Part 2 (96 decks)

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