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Physl Part 2 > Repro Physl 7 > Flashcards

Repro Physl 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the optimal time-frame for fertilization?

A

Between 5 days before ovulation and 1 day following ovulation

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2
Q

How long is sperm viable?

A

Up to 4-6 days

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3
Q

How long is the ovulated egg viable?

A

Between 24-48 hours

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4
Q

What is Capacitation?

A

Sperm being present in the female reproductive tract for several hours before fertilization

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5
Q

What occurs in capacitation?

A

There is a removal of proteins and carbohydrates and cholesterol from the surface of the sperm head that allows it to engage with mature ovum

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6
Q

How does Capacitation affect the motility of the sperm cell?

A

It changes from a wave-like pattern to a whip-like action of the sperm tail to propel sperm forward

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7
Q

What does fertilization begin with?

A

The fusion of a sperm and egg cell

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8
Q

Where does Fertilization usually occur?

A

In the fallopian tubes

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9
Q

Where do the sperm cells move between on the ovum?

A

Between the corona radiata granulosa cells

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10
Q

What is the Zona Pellucida?

A

A structure that surrounds a mature ovum and is a docking site for mature sperm

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11
Q

What serves as a receptor for proteins on the sperm cell membranes?

A

Glycoproteins on the zona pellucida

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12
Q

What triggers the Acrosome reaction?

A

The first sperm cell binding to the zona pellucida

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13
Q

What is the Acrosome Reaction?

A

A disruption in the sperm plasma membrane that exposes the zona pellucida to membrane enzymes

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14
Q

What do the acrosomal enzymes do?

A

Breakdown the Zona Pellucida to help the sperm cell make contact with the egg cell plasma membrane

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15
Q

What would occur if multiple sperm penetrate the egg?

A

It will no longer be viable

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16
Q

What prevents additional sperm from binding?

A

The change in membrane potential that occurs when one sperm binds to the egg

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17
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

When cortical granules with enzymes fuse and release their contents just below the egg plasma membrane and the zona pellucida preventing binding of additional sperm

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18
Q

What do the enzymes from the cortical reaction do?

A
  • Inactivate sperm binding sites
  • Harden the zona pellucida
  • Prevent additional sperm from advancing
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19
Q

When does the second meiotic division of an ovum occur?

A

After it completes fertilization

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20
Q

What does each pronuclei from the egg and sperm contain?

A

23 chromosomes

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21
Q

How long is the conceptus housed in the fallopian tube?

A

3-4 days

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22
Q

What is the holding of the conceptus in the fallopian tube facilitated by?

A

Estrogen that causes the contraction at the smooth muscle at junction of fallopian tube with uterus

23
Q

What permits conceptus movement into the uterus????

A

Permits conceptus movement into the uterus

24
Q

What happens once the conceptus reaches the uterus?

A

It floats freely in the intrauterine fluid for about 3 days and divides and while the fluid provides nutrients

25
Q

What occurs in the Blastocyst stage?

A

When the cells are no longer totipotent (are specific to tissues) and cell differentiation occurs

26
Q

What is the Trophoblast?

A

The outer layer of cells in the blastocyst

27
Q

What does the inner mass in the blastocyst do?

A

Give rise to the baby

28
Q

When does implantation begin?

A

7 days post-ovulation or day 21 of the menstrual cycle

29
Q

What happens during implantation?

A

The blastocyst embeds into the endometrium

30
Q

Which side of the blastocyst is attracted to the endometrium?

A

The side with the inner cell mass

31
Q

What does the blastocyst do once in the endometrium?

A

It releases enzymes that breakdown and digest cells of the endometrium that release nutrients and cell signaling mediators to support the embryo

32
Q

What kind of tissues is the placenta formed by?

A

Fetal and maternal tissues

33
Q

Why is implantation important?

A

Because the trophoblast cells can only maintain needs of the embryo for so long

34
Q

What allows for exchange between the mother and fetus for the pregnancy?

A

The placenta

35
Q

What is the embryonic portion of the the placenta comprised of?

A

The chorion from the outer trophoblast cells

36
Q

What is the maternal portion of the placenta comprised of?

A

The endometrium

37
Q

What are Chorionic villi?

A

Projections from the chorion into the endometrium that has a rich capillary network

38
Q

Since maternal and fetal blood never mix, how does the exchange of nutrients occur?

A

Through diffusion in the sinuses

39
Q

What is the Amniotic cavity formed between?

A

An inner cell mass and chorion

40
Q

What is the amniotic cavity epithelial lining (amniotic sac) derived from?

A

The inner cell mass

41
Q

What does the Amniotic sac fuse with?

A

The inner surface of the chorion

42
Q

What is amniotic fluid important for?

A

Buffer the baby against mechanical forces and temperature fluctuations

43
Q

What are estrogen and progesterone levels like during pregnancy?

A

There is a continuous rise in estrogen and progesterone

44
Q

How are estrogen and progesterone levels affected by delivery?

A

They plummet

45
Q

What does estrogen do during pregnancy?

A
  • Stimulates growth of uterine muscle mass

* Supplies contractile force required for delivery

46
Q

What does progesterone do during pregnancy?

A

Inhibits uterine contractility to prevent premature delivery

47
Q

Where does all the estrogen and progesterone come from during pregnancy?

A

The corpus luteum

48
Q

What supports the function of the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

A

hCG

49
Q

What is hCG produced by?

A

Trophoblast cells in the blastocyst of the embryo

50
Q

What is used to detect pregnancy?

A

hCG from the trophoblast cells of the blastocyst

51
Q

When does estrogen and progesterone production from the corpus luteum stop?

A

During the second trimester when it is taken over by the placenta

52
Q

What are androgens as precursors for estrogen provided to the placenta by?

A
  • Maternal ovaries
  • Adrenal glands
  • Fetal adrenal glands
53
Q

What does Aromatase in the placenta do?

A

Converts androgen to estrogen

Physl Part 2 (96 decks)

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