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Physl Part 2 > Repro Physl 6 > Flashcards

Repro Physl 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells does FSH act on?

A

Granulosa cells

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2
Q

What receptors do Granulosa cells have?

A

FSH receptors

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3
Q

When do Granulosa cells gain LH receptors?

A

With development and increased proliferation of granulosa cells

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4
Q

What cells does LH act on?

A

Theca cells

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5
Q

What receptors do Theca cells have?

A

LH receptors

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6
Q

How does FSH affect granulosa cells?

A

It will support the proliferation of granulosa cells and their function in converting androgen to estrogen and producing secretions

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7
Q

Aside from FSH what supports further proliferation of Granulosa cells?

A

Estrogen produced by the granulosa cells themselves (positive feedback)

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8
Q

What do increased levels of estrogen in the follicle do?

A

Increase the expression of FSH and lead to expression of estrogen receptors on granulosa cells for positive feedback. So they respond to FSH and estrogen

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9
Q

What do theca cells synthesize in response to LH?

A

Androgens

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10
Q

How do the androgens released by theca cells affect granulosa cells?

A

The androgens can diffuse to granulosa cells and produce estrogen with them

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11
Q

What are the granulosa cells similar to in the testis and why?

A

Sertoli cells because they sustain and provide nutrients to the developing germ cells and respond to FSH and gonadal sex hormone

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12
Q

What are the Theca cells similar to in the testis and why?

A

Leydig cells because in response to LH they produce androgens that diffuse across to the other cells

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13
Q

Why do non-dominant follicles degenerate?

A

Because of a drop in FSH

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14
Q

What suppresses the FSH being released in the follicular stage?

A

The rising estrogen being produced by the follicle

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15
Q

What kind of receptors will the dominant follicle have and why?

A

Increased FSH receptors so that it can still be stimulated even though the FSH hormone is decreasing to cause the degeneration of the other follicles

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16
Q

What is the dominant follicle receptive to?

A

Both FSH and LH

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17
Q

Why are there rising levels of LH in the follicular phase?

A

Due to positive feedback by high levels of estrogen by the dominant follicle

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18
Q

What does stimulation of granulosa cells by FSH and LH in the follicular phase do?

A

Helps to sustain local increases in estrogen within the follicle

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19
Q

What negative feedback does estrogen exert in the follicular phase?

A

A negative feedback inhibition of gonadotropin secretion

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20
Q

Why can estrogen be produced by granulosa cells?

A

Through conversion of androgen to estrogen

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21
Q

Where does the estrogen from granulosa cells in the follicular phase go?

A

Into the circulation and locally in the ovaries

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22
Q

What does estrogen produced by granulosa cells in the follicular phase in the blood do?

A

In low to moderate levels it exerts a negative feedback effect of gonadotropin release and hypothalamic GnRH release

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23
Q

What exerts negative feedback on the gonadotropin release on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

Estrogen produced by granulosa cells and inhibin produced by granulosa cells

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24
Q

What does inhibin produced by granulosa cells have an effect on?

A

It inhibits the release of FSH

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25
Q

When does the estrogen peak occur?

A

In the late follicular phase when the dominant follicle is producing a lot of estrogen

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26
Q

When does estrogen no longer have a negative feedback effect in the follicular phase?

A

When at the end of the follicular phase the dominant follicle is producing a lot of estrogen

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27
Q

What does the large amount of estrogen produced by the dominant follicle at the end of the follicular phase do?

A

Support secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary which supports development of the LH surge. And it also increases GnRH production from the hypothalamus

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28
Q

What is absolutely required for ovulation?

A

The LH surge that occurs due to positive feedback from the dominant follicle producing estrogen

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29
Q

What stimulates ovulation to occur?

A

High levels of LH

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30
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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31
Q

Where are kisspeptin neurons found?

A

Upstream of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus

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32
Q

What is the beginning of the Luteal phase marked by?

A

Ovulation

33
Q

What happens to LH after ovulation?

A

There is a decrease in LH levels

34
Q

What does the drop in LH levels of the luteal phase do?

A

Stimulates the transformation of granulosa and theca cells in the follicle into the corpus luteum

35
Q

What does the corpus luteum mainly prouce?

A

Progesterone, estrogen and inhibin

36
Q

What does the combination of progesterone, estrogen and inhibin produced by the corpus luteum do?

A

It suppresses anterior pituitary gonadotropin release (FSH and LH)

37
Q

Where does inhibin specifically have a negative feedback on?

A

FSH in the anterior pituitary

38
Q

What does the progesterone and estrogen produced by the corpus luteum have a negative feedback effect on?

A

Hypothalamic GnRH production which shuts down the cascade

39
Q

Why does the corpus luteum produce estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin?

A

To decrease levels of FSH and LH so that there is no production of another follicle to produce a mature ovum

40
Q

What phases in the uterus correspond to the follicular phase?

A

The menstrual and proliferative phase

41
Q

What phases in the uterus correspond to the Luteal phase?

A

Secretory phase

42
Q

What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual phase?

A

There is a degeneration of the endometrium

43
Q

Why does the endometrium begin to thicken after menstruation in the proliferative phase?

A

In response to estrogen produced by the granulosa cells in the developing follicle

44
Q

How long is the proliferative phase?

A

About 10 days

45
Q

What is the proliferative phase?

A

The period of time at the cessation of menstruation and until the time of ovulation that is stimulated by increase endometrium growth by estrogen from the granulosa cells of the developing follicle

46
Q

What happens to the endometrium after ovulation?

A

It will begin to produce glycogen under the influence of progesterone and estrogen from the corpus luteum

47
Q

Why does the endometrium produce glycogen after ovulation?

A

To be an energy store for implantation

48
Q

What is the secretory phase?

A

The period in the endometrium where it is secreting glycogen and glycoproteins under the stimulation of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum for the potential ovum

49
Q

What receptors are produced in the uterus during the proliferative phase?

A

Progesterone receptors

50
Q

What does the increase in progesterone receptors from the proliferative phase do in the post-ovulation/secretory phase?

A

It allows for progesterone to act on the endometrium and converts it to a secretory tissue

51
Q

What is the response of the endometrium due to progesterone?

A
  • Increases glands coiled and glycogen filled
  • Increased vascularization
  • Enzymes accumulate glands and connective tissue
52
Q

How does progesterone affects the myometrium?

A

It inhibits myometrial contractions

53
Q

How do estrogen and prostaglandins affect uterine muscle?

A

They stimulate the contraction of uterine muscle

54
Q

Why does progesterone inhibit the contraction of uterine muscle?

A

To maintain a stable uterine environment for implantation

55
Q

What happens if there are not sufficient levels of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

Then premature delivery can occur

56
Q

How does estrogen (leading up to ovulation) affect the cervix?

A
  • Abundant watery, clear mucus

* Important for facilitating sperm movement into the uterus

57
Q

How does progesterone (after ovulation) affect the cervix?

A
  • Thick sticky consistency of mucus
  • Yellowish white
  • Forms a plug
58
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no fertilization of the ovum?

A

The corpus luteum degenerates (involudes)

59
Q

What happens to the endocrine function of the corpus luteum after it degenerates?

A

It no longer has an endocrine function so estrogen and progesterone will plummet

60
Q

What triggers menstruation?

A

The degeneration of the corpus luteum that produced estrogen and progesterone

61
Q

What is the first step in menstruation?

A

The constriction of uterine blood vessels

62
Q

Why is there a constriction of uterine blood vessels?

A

To deprive the cells of oxygen and nutrients

63
Q

What is the constriction of blood vessels in menstruation mediated by?

A

Prostaglandins

64
Q

What is the increase in prostaglandins causes by?

A

Decrease circulating estrogen and progesterone

65
Q

What is the remaining thin base layer important for after menstruation?

A

For regeneration of the endometrium after each cycle

66
Q

What does the dilation of blood vessels in the endometrium do?

A

It causes hemorrhage through capillary walls to allow endometrial tissue and debris to exit the vagina

67
Q

Where does estrogen typically have its effects?

A

Locally or anywhere estrogen has its receptors

68
Q

What is estrogen important for in the uterus?

A

For increasing the proliferation of the endometrium and expression of progesterone receptors on endometrial cells

69
Q

What increases responsiveness of tissues to progesterone?

A

Estrogen increasing progesterone receptors in other tissues. This is known as estrogen priming

70
Q

When is the peak production of progesterone?

A

After ovulation

71
Q

What effects does progesterone have on estrogen?

A

It has anti-estrogen effects by limiting the expression of estrogen receptors

72
Q

What do the low levels of estrogen do even before puberty?

A

They have a negative feedback effect on GnRH release and gonadotropin release

73
Q

What is Leptin produced by?

A

Adipose cells in the body

74
Q

What is one function of leptin on the hypothalamus?

A

Stimulates GnRH production

75
Q

What is Amenorrhea?

A

Failure to have a menstrual flow?

76
Q

What is Primary Amenorrhea?

A

The failure to begin normal menstruation cycles at puberty

77
Q

What can cause Primary Amenorrhea?

A

Anorexia nervosa, less body fat

78
Q

What is Secondary Amenorrhea?

A

Loss of previous normal menstrual cycles

79
Q

What is can cause secondary Amenorrhea

A
  • Pregnancy, menopause

* Anorexia nervosa

Physl Part 2 (96 decks)

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