Repro Physl 6

Question 1

Which cells does FSH act on?

Answer 1

Granulosa cells

Question 2

What receptors do Granulosa cells have?

Answer 2

FSH receptors

Question 3

When do Granulosa cells gain LH receptors?

Answer 3

With development and increased proliferation of granulosa cells

Question 4

What cells does LH act on?

Answer 4

Theca cells

Question 5

What receptors do Theca cells have?

Answer 5

LH receptors

Question 6

How does FSH affect granulosa cells?

Answer 6

It will support the proliferation of granulosa cells and their function in converting androgen to estrogen and producing secretions

Question 7

Aside from FSH what supports further proliferation of Granulosa cells?

Answer 7

Estrogen produced by the granulosa cells themselves (positive feedback)

Question 8

What do increased levels of estrogen in the follicle do?

Answer 8

Increase the expression of FSH and lead to expression of estrogen receptors on granulosa cells for positive feedback. So they respond to FSH and estrogen

Question 9

What do theca cells synthesize in response to LH?

Answer 9

Androgens

Question 10

How do the androgens released by theca cells affect granulosa cells?

Answer 10

The androgens can diffuse to granulosa cells and produce estrogen with them

Question 11

What are the granulosa cells similar to in the testis and why?

Answer 11

Sertoli cells because they sustain and provide nutrients to the developing germ cells and respond to FSH and gonadal sex hormone

Question 12

What are the Theca cells similar to in the testis and why?

Answer 12

Leydig cells because in response to LH they produce androgens that diffuse across to the other cells

Question 13

Why do non-dominant follicles degenerate?

Answer 13

Because of a drop in FSH

Question 14

What suppresses the FSH being released in the follicular stage?

Answer 14

The rising estrogen being produced by the follicle

Question 15

What kind of receptors will the dominant follicle have and why?

Answer 15

Increased FSH receptors so that it can still be stimulated even though the FSH hormone is decreasing to cause the degeneration of the other follicles

Question 16

What is the dominant follicle receptive to?

Answer 16

Both FSH and LH

Question 17

Why are there rising levels of LH in the follicular phase?

Answer 17

Due to positive feedback by high levels of estrogen by the dominant follicle

Question 18

What does stimulation of granulosa cells by FSH and LH in the follicular phase do?

Answer 18

Helps to sustain local increases in estrogen within the follicle

Question 19

What negative feedback does estrogen exert in the follicular phase?

Answer 19

A negative feedback inhibition of gonadotropin secretion

Question 20

Why can estrogen be produced by granulosa cells?

Answer 20

Through conversion of androgen to estrogen

Question 21

Where does the estrogen from granulosa cells in the follicular phase go?

Answer 21

Into the circulation and locally in the ovaries

Question 22

What does estrogen produced by granulosa cells in the follicular phase in the blood do?

Answer 22

In low to moderate levels it exerts a negative feedback effect of gonadotropin release and hypothalamic GnRH release

Question 23

What exerts negative feedback on the gonadotropin release on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

Answer 23

Estrogen produced by granulosa cells and inhibin produced by granulosa cells

Question 24

What does inhibin produced by granulosa cells have an effect on?

Answer 24

It inhibits the release of FSH

Question 25

When does the estrogen peak occur?

Answer 25

In the late follicular phase when the dominant follicle is producing a lot of estrogen

Question 26

When does estrogen no longer have a negative feedback effect in the follicular phase?

Answer 26

When at the end of the follicular phase the dominant follicle is producing a lot of estrogen

Question 27

What does the large amount of estrogen produced by the dominant follicle at the end of the follicular phase do?

Answer 27

Support secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary which supports development of the LH surge. And it also increases GnRH production from the hypothalamus

Question 28

What is absolutely required for ovulation?

Answer 28

The LH surge that occurs due to positive feedback from the dominant follicle producing estrogen

Question 29

What stimulates ovulation to occur?

Answer 29

High levels of LH

Question 30

What does the corpus luteum produce?

Answer 30

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 31

Where are kisspeptin neurons found?

Answer 31

Upstream of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus

Question 32

What is the beginning of the Luteal phase marked by?

Answer 32

Ovulation

Question 33

What happens to LH after ovulation?

Answer 33

There is a decrease in LH levels

Question 34

What does the drop in LH levels of the luteal phase do?

Answer 34

Stimulates the transformation of granulosa and theca cells in the follicle into the corpus luteum

Question 35

What does the corpus luteum mainly prouce?

Answer 35

Progesterone, estrogen and inhibin

Question 36

What does the combination of progesterone, estrogen and inhibin produced by the corpus luteum do?

Answer 36

It suppresses anterior pituitary gonadotropin release (FSH and LH)

Question 37

Where does inhibin specifically have a negative feedback on?

Answer 37

FSH in the anterior pituitary

Question 38

What does the progesterone and estrogen produced by the corpus luteum have a negative feedback effect on?

Answer 38

Hypothalamic GnRH production which shuts down the cascade

Question 39

Why does the corpus luteum produce estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin?

Answer 39

To decrease levels of FSH and LH so that there is no production of another follicle to produce a mature ovum

Question 40

What phases in the uterus correspond to the follicular phase?

Answer 40

The menstrual and proliferative phase

Question 41

What phases in the uterus correspond to the Luteal phase?

Answer 41

Secretory phase

Question 42

What happens to the endometrium during the menstrual phase?

Answer 42

There is a degeneration of the endometrium

Question 43

Why does the endometrium begin to thicken after menstruation in the proliferative phase?

Answer 43

In response to estrogen produced by the granulosa cells in the developing follicle

Question 44

How long is the proliferative phase?

Answer 44

About 10 days

Question 45

What is the proliferative phase?

Answer 45

The period of time at the cessation of menstruation and until the time of ovulation that is stimulated by increase endometrium growth by estrogen from the granulosa cells of the developing follicle

Question 46

What happens to the endometrium after ovulation?

Answer 46

It will begin to produce glycogen under the influence of progesterone and estrogen from the corpus luteum

Question 47

Why does the endometrium produce glycogen after ovulation?

Answer 47

To be an energy store for implantation

Question 48

What is the secretory phase?

Answer 48

The period in the endometrium where it is secreting glycogen and glycoproteins under the stimulation of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum for the potential ovum

Question 49

What receptors are produced in the uterus during the proliferative phase?

Answer 49

Progesterone receptors

Question 50

What does the increase in progesterone receptors from the proliferative phase do in the post-ovulation/secretory phase?

Answer 50

It allows for progesterone to act on the endometrium and converts it to a secretory tissue

Question 51

What is the response of the endometrium due to progesterone?

Answer 51

* Increases glands coiled and glycogen filled * Increased vascularization * Enzymes accumulate glands and connective tissue

Question 52

How does progesterone affects the myometrium?

Answer 52

It inhibits myometrial contractions

Question 53

How do estrogen and prostaglandins affect uterine muscle?

Answer 53

They stimulate the contraction of uterine muscle

Question 54

Why does progesterone inhibit the contraction of uterine muscle?

Answer 54

To maintain a stable uterine environment for implantation

Question 55

What happens if there are not sufficient levels of progesterone during pregnancy?

Answer 55

Then premature delivery can occur

Question 56

How does estrogen (leading up to ovulation) affect the cervix?

Answer 56

* Abundant watery, clear mucus | * Important for facilitating sperm movement into the uterus

Question 57

How does progesterone (after ovulation) affect the cervix?

Answer 57

* Thick sticky consistency of mucus * Yellowish white * Forms a plug

Question 58

What happens to the corpus luteum if there is no fertilization of the ovum?

Answer 58

The corpus luteum degenerates (involudes)

Question 59

What happens to the endocrine function of the corpus luteum after it degenerates?

Answer 59

It no longer has an endocrine function so estrogen and progesterone will plummet

Question 60

What triggers menstruation?

Answer 60

The degeneration of the corpus luteum that produced estrogen and progesterone

Question 61

What is the first step in menstruation?

Answer 61

The constriction of uterine blood vessels

Question 62

Why is there a constriction of uterine blood vessels?

Answer 62

To deprive the cells of oxygen and nutrients

Question 63

What is the constriction of blood vessels in menstruation mediated by?

Answer 63

Prostaglandins

Question 64

What is the increase in prostaglandins causes by?

Answer 64

Decrease circulating estrogen and progesterone

Question 65

What is the remaining thin base layer important for after menstruation?

Answer 65

For regeneration of the endometrium after each cycle

Question 66

What does the dilation of blood vessels in the endometrium do?

Answer 66

It causes hemorrhage through capillary walls to allow endometrial tissue and debris to exit the vagina

Question 67

Where does estrogen typically have its effects?

Answer 67

Locally or anywhere estrogen has its receptors

Question 68

What is estrogen important for in the uterus?

Answer 68

For increasing the proliferation of the endometrium and expression of progesterone receptors on endometrial cells

Question 69

What increases responsiveness of tissues to progesterone?

Answer 69

Estrogen increasing progesterone receptors in other tissues. This is known as estrogen priming

Question 70

When is the peak production of progesterone?

Answer 70

After ovulation

Question 71

What effects does progesterone have on estrogen?

Answer 71

It has anti-estrogen effects by limiting the expression of estrogen receptors

Question 72

What do the low levels of estrogen do even before puberty?

Answer 72

They have a negative feedback effect on GnRH release and gonadotropin release

Question 73

What is Leptin produced by?

Answer 73

Adipose cells in the body

Question 74

What is one function of leptin on the hypothalamus?

Answer 74

Stimulates GnRH production

Question 75

What is Amenorrhea?

Answer 75

Failure to have a menstrual flow?

Question 76

What is Primary Amenorrhea?

Answer 76

The failure to begin normal menstruation cycles at puberty

Question 77

What can cause Primary Amenorrhea?

Answer 77

Anorexia nervosa, less body fat

Question 78

What is Secondary Amenorrhea?

Answer 78

Loss of previous normal menstrual cycles

Question 79

What is can cause secondary Amenorrhea

Answer 79

* Pregnancy, menopause | * Anorexia nervosa