Neuro Exam Flashcards
What is the berg balance scale
Sitting unsupported, sit-to-stand, transfers
, standing on one leg, turning, pick object off floor
What is opisthotonos
Prolonged severe spasm of muscles causing head, back, and heels to arch backward… arms and hands are flexed
What is stupor
Patient can be aroused from sleep only with painful stimulus
What is myelography
X-rays of spine after injection of air or dye into subarachnoid space
What is myelography used for
Finds abnormalities impinging on subarachnoid space
What is paralysis
Loss of voluntary motion
What is ventriculography used for
Localized tumors, increased intracranial pressure
What is Obtundation
Patient can open eyes, look at examiner, but responds slowly and is confused
Decreased alertness and interest in environment
What is dyssynergia
Impaired ability to associate muscles together for complex movement
What is Ventriculography
X-rays of skull after injection of air into lateral ventricles
Flaccidity and hypotonia are indicative of
LMN lesion
What is paresis
Weakness
what is agnosia
Inability to recognize familiar objects with one sensory modality while retaining ability to recognize same object with other sensory modalities
What is dysmetria
Impaired ability to judge the distance or range of movement
What is Poor balance
Requires hand-hold support and mod/max A to maintain position
Unable to accept challenge or move without loss of balance
What is decerebrate posture
Extension in all four limbs
Ranking of Functional Balance Grades from best to worst
Normal Good Fair Poor 0 Absent
What is homonymous hemianopsia
Loss of half of visual field in each eye
Contraindications to MRI
Metal implants
Pacemakers
What portion of the brain is MRI ZBEST FOR
Superior image
What is CT good for
Hemorrhage, edema , cerebral infarction
What is Brudzinski’s Sign
Patient in supine, flex neck to chest
Positive: causes flexion of hips and knees
What is computed tomography (CT)
X-ray beams through tissues, gives cross sections of the brain for 3D localization
What is myoclonus
Single, quick jerk
What is Echoencephalogram (ultrasound) used for
lumen of carotid artery
What is Normal balance grade
Can stand without hand held support
Accepts maximal challenge and can shift weight easily at full range in all directions
What is rigidity
Increased resistance to PROM that is independent of the velocity of movement
What is Fair balance
Maintains balance with hand held support, may require min A
Accepts minimal challenge, can maintain balance while turning head/trunk
define each score on Reflex Scoring Scale
0: absent
1+: tone change, no visible movement of extremities
2+: visible movement of extremities
3+: exaggerated, full movement of extremities
4+: obligatory and sustained movement lasting over 30 seconds
What is cerebral angiography
X-rays of skull after injection of dye into carotid or vertebral arteries of both
What is the Times Up and Go test
Walk 3m turn and return to chair
What is Electroencephalography used for
Structural disease of brain
Seizures
Intracranial lesions
What does Lumbar puncture do
Measures protein, glucose, immunoglobulin content, cell count
Scoring range of GCS and how are scores broken down
3-15
1-8: severe brain injury
9-12: moderate brain injury
13-15: minor brain injury
What is tremor
Continuous quivering movements; rhythmic oscillatory movement observed at rest
What is Kernig’s Sign
Patient in supine, flex hip and knee fully to chest, then extend knee
Positive: causes pain and increased resistance to extending knee due to spasm of hamstring
What is cogwheel rigidity
Interrupted by a series of jerks
What are tics
Spasmodic contractions of specific muscles, commonly involving face, head, neck, or shoulder muscles
What is MRI called for for the brain
tumors
demyelination
vascular abnormalities
What is decorticate posture
Flexion UE
Extension LE
What is Positron Emission Tomography used for (PET)
Major clinical tool for cerebral blood flow and brain metabolism
What is Cheyne-Stokes respiratoration
a period of apnea lasting 10-60 seconds followed by gradually increasing depth and frequency of respirations
What are the three elements of response on the Glasgow Coma Scale
Eye opening
Motor response
Verbal response
What is dysdiadochokinesia
Impaired ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
What does each grade in the Modified Ashworth Scale represent
0: no increase in muscle tone
1: slight increase in muscle tone, minimal resistance at end of ROM
1+: slight increase in muscle tone, minimal resistance through less than half of ROM
2: more marked increase in muscle tone, through most of ROM, affected part easily moved
3: considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult
4: affected part rigid in flexion or extension
What is the romberg test
Patient stands with feet in normal stance position, first with eyes open, then with eyes closed
What is athetosis
Slow, irregular, twisting, sinuous movements, occurring especially in UEs
What is Good Functional Balance Grade
Able to maintain balance without hand-held support, limited sway
Accepts moderate challenge, can maintain balance while picking object off floor
What is chorea
Relatively quick twitches or “dancing” movements
What is lead pipe rigidity
Uniform throughout the range
What is apneustic breathing
Abnormal respiration marked by prolonged inspiration
