Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards
What is displeased
Shortness of breath
What do capillaries do
Small blood vessels that connect ends of arteries with beginning of veins
What is atrial filling pressure
Difference between venous and atrial pressures
Equation for cardiac output
HR x SV = CO
What does myocardial perfusion imaging reveal
Ischemic heart disease
Myocardial infarction
Normal range for stroke volume
4-5 L/min
What is QRS wave
Ventricular depolarization
What does the lymphatic system do
Drains lymph from bodily tissues and returns it to venous circulation
What does venous fill time measure
Examine time necessary to refill veins after emptying
HR for children
60-140
Where is the SA node
Junction of superior vena cava and right atrium
Increased body temperature causes heart rate to…
Increase
What is normal heart rate
60-100 bpm
Where does right atrium receive blood from
Superior and inferior vena cava
What does S1 represent
Beginning of systole
How many bpm is tachycardia
Over 100 bpm
What is QT interval
Time for electrical systole
What is cardiac output
Amount of blood discharged from left or right ventricle per minute
What is ejection fraction
Percentage of blood emptied from ventricle during systole
What do veins do
Transport unoxygenated blood from tissues back to heart
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dye ones
Sudden inability to breathe occurring during sleep
What is orthopnea
Inability to breathe when in a reclining or supine position
What is Stemmer’s Sign
Dorsal skin folds of the toes or fingers are resistant to lifting
What is pericardium
Fibrous protective sac enclosing heart
What Disease is intermittent claudication associated with
Peripheral artery disease
Normal newborn RR
30-40 breaths per minute
How does one perform the venous filling time test
Patient supine, passively elevate LE to approx 45degrees for 1min then sit them up
What does hypomagnesemia do
Ventricular arrhythmia
Coronary artery vasospasm
Sudden death
What is the ST segment
Beginning of ventricular repolarization
Two main causes of peripheral causes of edema
Chronic venous insufficiency
Lymphedema
How many bpm is bradycardia
Less than 60 bpm
What is stroke volume
Amount of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction
What is afterload
The force the LV must generate during systole to overcome aortic pressure to open the aortic valve
What is AV Valves anchored by
Chordae tendineae
Normal range of stroke volume
55-100mL/beat
What does chest x-ray do
Lung fluids
Overall cardiac shape and size
Aneurysm
What does left anterior descending supply
Left ventricle
What does hypermagnesemia do to heart
Arrhythmias or cardiac arrest
What is the P wave
Atrial depolarization
What does hyperkalemia do to heart rate and contraction force
Decreased heart rate
Decreased contraction
What is intermittent claudication
Pain, cramping, and lower extremity fatigue occurring during exercise and relieved by rest
Purpose of semilunar valves
Prevent backflow of blood from aorta and pulmonary arteries into ventricles during diastole
HR for newborn
90-164 (average 127)
What artery supplies right atrium and right ventricle
Right coronary artery
Normal adult respiratory rate
12-20 breaths per minute
What does the SA node do
Main pacemaker of the heart
What enzyme is the primary measure of myocardial infarction
Cardiac troponin
What do arterioles do
Terminal branches of arteries that attach to capillaries
Where does left ventricle receive blood from and to where
from left atrium
to aorta
Normal child RR
20-30
Where does the left atrium receive blood from
The lungs and pulmonary veins
What is epicardium
Inner layer of pericardium
What is myocardium
Heart muscle, major portion of heart
What is diaphoresis
Excess sweating can be associated with decreased cardiac output
What vein does the percussion test look at
Greater saphenous vein
what is diaphoresis
Excess swearing and cool, clammy skin
In the venous filling time test, how long o filling is indicative of venous insufficiency
More than 15 seconds
When do AV Valeves close
When ventricular walls contract
What is the ratio for ankle brachial index
LE:UE presssure
Where is tricuspid valve
Right heart valve
Where does right ventricle receive blood from and where does it pump blood to
from RA
to pulmonary artery to lungs
Where is mitral valve
5th left
What is the heart rate of the AV node
40-60
Where is the pulmonic valve
2nd left
What does circumflex supply
Lateral and inferior walls of left ventricle
Where is tricuspid valve
4th left
What is systole
Period of ventricular contraction
How does one perform the percussion test
In standing palpate one segment of vein while percussing vein approximately 20 cm higher
if pulse wave is felt by lower hand, the intervening valves are incompetent
Four heart tissues in order from superficial to deep
Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Two divisions of left coronary artery
Left anterior descending
Circumflex
What is diastole
Period of ventricular relaxation and filling of blood
What makes up S2
Aortic and pulmonary valve closure
With heart disease, what happens to venous return
Decreases
What does pulmonary valve do
Prevents right backflow
What is PR interval
Time required for impulse to travel from atria through conduction system to purkinje fibers
Where is bicuspid/mitral valve
Left heart valve
Is blood light or dark in veins
Dark
What artery supplies the left ventricle
Left coronary artery
Normal adult HR
60-100 bpm
What do arteries do
Transport oxygenated blood from areas of high pressure to low pressure in body tissues
Where is the aortic valve
2nd right
What does S3 indicate
Congestive LV heart failure
What is endocardium
Smooth lining of inner surface and cavities of the heart
What is hyperkalemia
Increased concentration of potassium ions
What valves make up S1
Mitral and tricuspid closing
What is the purpose of atrioventricular valves
Prevent backflow of blood into atria during systole
Where is the atrioventricular node
Junction of right atrium and right ventricle
What does S4 represent
Pathology (heart disease, myocardial infarction)
What does aortic valve do
Prevents left backflow
