General Pathologies Flashcards
what tendons are affected in medial epiconylitis
pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
how do ulnar collateral ligament damages occur
Result of repetitive valgus stresses to medial elbow with overhead throwing
How does torticollis present
Side-bending toward
Rotation away
affected SCM
What is Anterior Compartment Syndrome
Increased compartmental pressure resulting in a local ischemic condition
PCL laxity may result in single plane instability in what direction
Posterior
what other structure may be involved with a SLAP lesion
biceps tendon
What is an individual with osteoporosis more prone to
Fracture
what is de Quervain’s Tenosynovitis
Inflammation/degeneration of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longis tendons at first dorsal compartment
what does ape hand deformity result from
Median nerve dysfunction
Conservative treatment of scoliosis is called for when the angle is
Less than 25
when does posterior dislocation occur
horizontal ADD
IR
What is internal (posterior)impingement
Irritation between rotator cuff and greater tuberosity
or posterior glenoid and labrum
what cause DQTS
repetitive microtrauma or as complication of swelling during pregnancy
What diseases are common with adhesive capsulitis
diabetes and thyroid disease
When does GH anterior-inferior occur
Abducted UE
forcefully ER
What population commonly has flexor hallucis tendonopathy
Ballet performers
Primary/postmenopausal osteoporosis is directly related to a decrease in…
Estrogen production
What does Paget’s Disease result in
Spinal stenosis
Facet arthropathy
Possible spinal fracture
Is Paget’s Disease a metabolic disease
Yup
Side effects of acetaminophen
Liver
What is the deformity in hallux valgus
Medial deviation of head of first metatarsal from midline of body
What is osteomyelitis
Inflammatory response within bone caused by infection
What does coxa vara usually result from
Defect in ossification of femoral head
Side effects of NSAIDs
GI irritation
Fluid retention
Renal/liver problems
Prolonged bleeding
what is the capsular pattern of the shoulder
ER
ABD, FLEX
least restricted in IR
What is myositis ossificans
Painful condition of abnormal calcification within muscle belly
most common direction for GH dislocation
anterior-inferior
ACL laxity results in single plane instability in what direction
Anterior
what is a Boxer’s Fracture
fracture of neck of fifth metacarpal
What is Torricollis
Spasm or tightness of SCM
What causes CRPS
Trauma
Primary signs and symptoms of bursitis
Pain with rest
PROM and AROM limited due to pain but not capsular pattern
What two tests are best for meniscus injuries
McMurray’s
Apley’s
What is ape hand deformity observed as
Thenar muscle wasting
First digit moving dorsally until it’s in line with second digit
What is rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic systemic disorder of unknown etiology usually involving symmetrical dysfunction in synovial tissues and articular cartilage of joints of hands, wrists, elbow, shoulders, knees, ankles, and feet
Deformity in Boutonniere
MCP extension
DIP extension
PIP flexion
What is the Terrible/Unhappy Triad
MCL, ACL, medial meniscus
What is tarsal tunnel syndrome
Entrapment of the posterior tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel
ITB disorder results on inflammation of….
Trochanteric bursa
What is osteoporosis
Metabolic disease that depleted bone mineral density/mass
What does Dupuytren’s contracture
Contracture of palmar fascia that adheres to skin
Bracing of scoliosis is called for when the angle is
25-45
In kids, toeing in (pigeon toed) is common with what position
W sit
Where does esophagus refer pain
The back
When can the piriformis become overworked
With excessive pronation (causing femoral IR)
What femoral condyle is most prone to fractures
Medial femoral
what is adhesive capsulitis
Restriction in shoulder motion as a result of inflammation and fibrosis of shoulder capsule
What direction are elbow dislocations most common in
Posterolateral
Deformity in Swan Neck
MCP flexion
DIP flexion
PIP extension
What is promoted for equinus
Subtalar
Midtarsal
What position should be avoided for THR
Hip flexion above 90
ADD
IR
What is carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel of the wrist due to inflammation of the flexor tendons and/or median nerve
For spinal stenosis, what is hypertrophied
Spinal lamina
Ligamentum flavum
What is a grade 2 ankle sprain
Some loss of function
Partial disruption of Anterior talofibular & calcaneofubular ligaments
How is impingement syndrome caused
Repetitive overhead AROM
What type of gait is present in avascular necrosis
Coxalgic gait
What is osteomalacia
Decalcification of bones due to vitamin D deficiency
What is ankylosing spondylitis
Progressive inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that initially affects axial skeleton
Where does pancreas refer pain
The back
What causes mallet finger
Rupture or avulsion of extensor tendon at its insertion into distal phalanx of digit
what is SLAP lesion
tearing of superior glenoid labrum from anterior to posterior
What muscle causes ulnar nerve entrapment
Flexor carpi ulnaris
In psoriatic arthritis, where does erosive degeneration most commonly occur
Joints of digits as well as axial skeleton
What muscle causes median nerve entrapment
Pronator teres
Flexor digitorum superficialis
What is Bankart’s Lesion
Avulsion of anteroinferior capsule and ligaments associated with glenoid rim
What is Dupuytren’s contracture
Banding on palm and digit flexion contracture
What is spondylolisthesis
Congenitally defective pars interarticularis
What is patella baja
Malalignment in which patella tracks inferiorly in femoral intercondylar notch
What is a grade 3 ankle sprain
Complete loss of function
Complete tear of ATFL & CFL
Partial tear of TFL
Where is gout most common
Knee and great toe
What is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
Dysfunction of sympathetic nervous system
What is patella Alta
Malalignment in which patella tracks superiorly in femoral intercondylar notch
MOI for epiphysyseal plate fracture
Weight bearing torsional stress
what happens to the spine in ankylosing spondylitis
Kyphotic deformity of cervical and thoracic spine
Decrease lumbar lordosis
Most common place for RA to affect
MCP and PIP
what is TOS
Compression of neurovascular bundle in thoracic outlet between bony and soft tissue structures
Who are noncemented THRs used for
Younger, more active individuals
What is gout
Genetic disorder of purine metabolism
What causes plantar fasciitis
Excessive pronation
What does patella baja result in
Restricted knee extension with abnormal cartilaginous wearing, resulting in DJD
For positive piriformis syndrome, what motion is most restricted
IR
Side effects of muscle relaxants
Drowsiness
Lethargy
Ataxia
Decreased alertness
What is Panner’s Disease
Localized avascular necrosis of capitellum leading to loss of subchondral bone
What is psoriatric arthritis
Chronic, erosive disorder of union etiology associated with psoriasis
Capsular pattern of elbow
loss of flexion greater than extension
People who have trochanteric bursitis most likely also have
Rheumatoid arthritis
Observed deformity of mallet finger
Flexion of DIP joint
What is coxa valga
Angle of femoral neck with shaft of femur more than 125 degrees
What usually causes osteomyelitis
Staphylococcus aureus
What is medial tibial stress Syndrome
Overuse injury of the posterior tibialis and/or medial soleus (results in periosteal inflammation at the muscular attachments)
What is equinus
Plantar flexed
What does the piriformis do
Less than 60 degrees hip flexion: ER
90 degrees of hip flexion: IR and ABD
what is damaged in anterior-inferior GH dislocation
inferior glenohumeral ligament
anterior capsule
glenoid labrum
What kind of activity occurs with Paget’s Disease
Abnormal osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity
What are bouchard’s nodes (characteristic of RA)
Excessive bone formation on dorsal aspect of PIP joints)
What is pens cavus (general)
Flat foot
What is elevated with gout
Uric acid
What quadrant is cholecystitis pain present in
Upper right
Are men or women more affected by AS
Men x3
Most common mechanism of injury for femoral condyle fracture
A fall ITB knee subjected to a shearing force
What should be avoided after surgical repair of impingement
Shoulder elevation over 90
Tightness in the piriformis can cause…
Sciatic nerve compression
What is coxa vara
Angle of femoral neck with shaft of femur less than 115 degrees
Where is the pain in palpation for shin splints
Lateral tibia and anterior compartment
What is a complication of Colles’ fracture
Median nerve compression (can occur with excessive edema)
When does ankylosing spondylitis usually onset
Before 40
Tibial plateau fractures often occur in conjunction with…
MCL injury
What can patella alta result in
Chronic patellar subluxation
Where does kidney, bladder, ovary, and uterus refer pain
Trunk, pelvis, thighs
What tendon is most affected in lateral epicondylitis
extensor carpi radialis brevis
Do Bankart’s Lesions require surgery
Yes
For cemented THR, can they tolerate FWB after sx
Yes
What causes swan neck deformity
Contracture of intrinsic muscles with dorsal subluxation of lateral extensor tendons
What deformity is present with Colles’ fracture
Dinner fork
Most common MOI for tibial plateau injury
Combo of Valgum and compression forces to knee when knee is flexed
what is a Hill-Sachs lesion
compression fracture of posterior humeral head
What muscles are involved in anterior tibial periostitis (shin splints)
Anterior tibialis
Extensor hallucis Longus
What is spondylolysis
Fracture of pars interarticularis (Scotty dog)
What is Paget’s Disease
Linked to a viral infection along with environmental factors
What causes Boutonniere deformity
Rupture of central tenonous slip of extensor hood
Normal metatarsalangeal angle
8-20 degrees
What compromises space in the tarsal tunnel
Over pronation
Overuse
Trauma
What causes adhesive capsulitis
Disuse following injury or repetitive micro trauma
What is a grade 1 ankle sprain
No loss of function
Minimal tearing
What is Legg-Calve Perthes Disease
Blood supply interruption to femoral head in kids
What is Smith’s fracture
Distal fragment of radius dislocates in volar direction causing garden spade deformity
what is the Aprehension position that should be avoided after GH dislocation
flexion to 90
horizontal ADD to 90
ER to 80
Most common areas in TOS
Superior thoracic outlet
Scalene triangle
Between clavicle and first rib
Pec minor and thoracic wall
If there is an increased Q angle, what can result
Lateral patellar tracking (lateral subluxation)
What is the most common wrist fracture
Colles’ fracture
What ROM is affected in avascular necrosis
Flexion
IR
ABD
What tests would be positive for ITB
Noble compression test
Ober’s
What structure is also affected with trochanteric bursitis
Iliotibial band
What is the most commonly fractured carpal
Scaphoid
What is avascular necrosis
Multiple etiologies resulting in an impaired blood supply to the femoral head
Difference between CRPS1 and CRPS2
1 - triggered by tissue injury.. no underlying nerve injury
2 - nerve injury
What causes injury to the unhappy triad
Valgum
Flexion
ER
forces to the knee when the foot is planted
What test helps with Achilles’ problems
Thompson Test
Two classifications of labral tears
Superior
Inferior
What causes myositis ossificans
Direct trauma that results in hematoma and calcification of the muscle
what structure may be involved with a Bankart’s Lesion
Inferior GH ligament
