Cardiopulmonary Part Five

Question 1

aspirin mechanism

Answer 1

decrease platelet aggregation

Question 2

nitrates mechanism

Answer 2

decrease preload through peripheral vasodilation, reduce myocardial oxygen demand, reduce chest discomfort

Question 3

beta-adrenergic agent drugs end with what suffix

Answer 3

-lol

Question 4

normal hematocrit levels males and females

Answer 4

males: 45-52%
females: 37-48%

Question 5

PaCO2 normal values

Answer 5

35-45 mmHg

Question 6

what grafts are used for CABG

Answer 6

saphenous vein

internal mammary artery

Question 7

what is stable angina

what is it relieved with

Answer 7

classic exertional

occurs during exercise or activty

relieved with rest and nitroglycerin

Question 8

three major types of angina

Answer 8

stable

unstable

variant (Prinzmetal)

Question 9

ph normal values

Answer 9

7.35-7.45

Question 10

ESR males and females normal

Answer 10

male: under 15 mm/hr
female: under 20 mm/hr

Question 11

Levine’s sign is common with what disease

Answer 11

Angina pectoris

Question 12

angiotensin II receptor blockers mechanism

Answer 12

blocks binder of angiotensin II at the tissue/smooth musle level

which decreases BP

Question 13

dependent edema is common with what side heart failure

Answer 13

right

Question 14

what is coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Answer 14

surgical circumvention of an obstruction in a coronary artery using a graft

Question 15

digitalis mechanism

Answer 15

decrease myocardial work to control HTN

Question 16

WBC normal values

Answer 16

4300-10,800 cells/mm3

Question 17

following resolution of acute MI, how should exercise be crafter for METs, HRmax, and time length

Answer 17

5 METs

70% of age predicted HRmax

4-6 weeks following MI

Question 18

ACE inhibitors mechanism

Answer 18

decreases Na retention and peripheral vasoconstriction in order to decrease blood pressure

Question 19

when is thrombolytic therapy administered

Answer 19

after acute MI

Question 20

difference between heteroptic and orthotopic heart transplants

Answer 20

Heteroptic - leaving the natural heart and piggybacking the donor heart

orthotopic - removing the diseased heart and replacing it with a donor heart

Question 21

what is Levine’s sign

Answer 21

patient clenches fist over sternum

Question 22

what is ventricular assist device

Answer 22

an implanted device that improves tissue perfusion and maintains cardiogenic circulation

Question 23

hemoglobin males and females normal

Answer 23

males: 13-18
female: 12-16

Question 24

what is the zone of infarction

Answer 24

consists of necrotic, non-contractile tissue

electrically inert

Question 25

what is unstable angina

Answer 25

coronary insufficiency at any time without any precipitating factors or exertion

chest pain increases in severity, frequency, or duration

Question 26

what is percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Answer 26

surgical dilation of a blood vessel using a small balloon-tipped catheter inflated inside the lumen

Question 27

what are the three zones of infarction

Answer 27

Zone of Infarction

Zone of Injury

Zone of ischemia

Question 28

beta-adrenergic blocking agents mechanism

Answer 28

reduce myocardial demand by reducing heart rate and contractility

control arrhythmias, chest pain, reduce BP

Question 29

who is ventricular assist device best used for

Answer 29

severely involved patients

cardiogenic shock unresponsive to medicatiopns, severe ventricular dysfunction

Question 30

normal platelet count

Answer 30

150,000-450,000 cells/mm3

Question 31

calcium channel blocking agents mechanism

Answer 31

inhibit flow of calcium ions, decrease HR, decrease contractility, dilate coronary arteries, reduce BP, control arrhythmias, chest pain

Question 32

what is the zone of ischemia

Answer 32

outer area

cells undergo metabolic changes

electrically unstable

Question 33

what is myocardial infarction (MI)

Answer 33

prolonged ischemia, injury, and death of an area of the myocardium caused by occlusion of one or more of the coronary arteries

Question 34

what does right-sided heart failure look like

Answer 34

mitral valve disease

chronic lung disease

jugular vein distention

peripheral edema

Question 35

PaO2 normal values

Answer 35

90-100 mmHg

Question 36

characterizations of left-sided heart failure

Answer 36

pulmonary congestion

edema

low cardiac output

backup from left ventricle to the left atrium and lungs

Question 37

tranquilizer mechanism

Answer 37

decrease anxiety, sympathetic effects

Question 38

what does variant angina respond well to

Answer 38

nitroglycerin

calcium channel blockers

Question 39

what is the zone of injury

Answer 39

area immediately adjacent to the central zone

tissue is non-contractile cells undergo metabolic changes

electrically unstable

Question 40

what is angina pectoris

Answer 40

chest pain or pressure due to ischemia

Question 41

what is variant angina/Prinmetal

Answer 41

caused by vasospasm of coronary arteries in the absence of occlusive disease

Question 42

what does percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty relieve

Answer 42

obstructed blood flow in acute angina or acute MI

Question 43

impaired ventricular function results in…

Answer 43

decreased stroke volume

decreased cardiac output

decreased ejection fraction

INCREASED END DIASTOLIC VENTRICULAR PRESSURE

Question 44

ACE inhibitors generally end with what suffix

Answer 44

-ril

Question 45

two types of heart transplants

Answer 45

heteroptic

orthotopic

Question 46

how occluded does the lumen have to be for symptoms to present with coronary artery disease

Answer 46

70% occluded