Cardiopulmonary Part Five Flashcards
aspirin mechanism
decrease platelet aggregation
nitrates mechanism
decrease preload through peripheral vasodilation, reduce myocardial oxygen demand, reduce chest discomfort
beta-adrenergic agent drugs end with what suffix
-lol
normal hematocrit levels males and females
males: 45-52%
females: 37-48%
PaCO2 normal values
35-45 mmHg
what grafts are used for CABG
saphenous vein
internal mammary artery
what is stable angina
what is it relieved with
classic exertional
occurs during exercise or activty
relieved with rest and nitroglycerin
three major types of angina
stable
unstable
variant (Prinzmetal)
ph normal values
7.35-7.45
ESR males and females normal
male: under 15 mm/hr
female: under 20 mm/hr
Levine’s sign is common with what disease
Angina pectoris
angiotensin II receptor blockers mechanism
blocks binder of angiotensin II at the tissue/smooth musle level
which decreases BP
dependent edema is common with what side heart failure
right
what is coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgical circumvention of an obstruction in a coronary artery using a graft
digitalis mechanism
decrease myocardial work to control HTN
WBC normal values
4300-10,800 cells/mm3
following resolution of acute MI, how should exercise be crafter for METs, HRmax, and time length
5 METs
70% of age predicted HRmax
4-6 weeks following MI
ACE inhibitors mechanism
decreases Na retention and peripheral vasoconstriction in order to decrease blood pressure
when is thrombolytic therapy administered
after acute MI
difference between heteroptic and orthotopic heart transplants
Heteroptic - leaving the natural heart and piggybacking the donor heart
orthotopic - removing the diseased heart and replacing it with a donor heart
what is Levine’s sign
patient clenches fist over sternum
what is ventricular assist device
an implanted device that improves tissue perfusion and maintains cardiogenic circulation
hemoglobin males and females normal
males: 13-18
female: 12-16
what is the zone of infarction
consists of necrotic, non-contractile tissue
electrically inert
what is unstable angina
coronary insufficiency at any time without any precipitating factors or exertion
chest pain increases in severity, frequency, or duration
what is percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
surgical dilation of a blood vessel using a small balloon-tipped catheter inflated inside the lumen
what are the three zones of infarction
Zone of Infarction
Zone of Injury
Zone of ischemia
beta-adrenergic blocking agents mechanism
reduce myocardial demand by reducing heart rate and contractility
control arrhythmias, chest pain, reduce BP
who is ventricular assist device best used for
severely involved patients
cardiogenic shock unresponsive to medicatiopns, severe ventricular dysfunction
normal platelet count
150,000-450,000 cells/mm3
calcium channel blocking agents mechanism
inhibit flow of calcium ions, decrease HR, decrease contractility, dilate coronary arteries, reduce BP, control arrhythmias, chest pain
what is the zone of ischemia
outer area
cells undergo metabolic changes
electrically unstable
what is myocardial infarction (MI)
prolonged ischemia, injury, and death of an area of the myocardium caused by occlusion of one or more of the coronary arteries
what does right-sided heart failure look like
mitral valve disease
chronic lung disease
jugular vein distention
peripheral edema
PaO2 normal values
90-100 mmHg
characterizations of left-sided heart failure
pulmonary congestion
edema
low cardiac output
backup from left ventricle to the left atrium and lungs
tranquilizer mechanism
decrease anxiety, sympathetic effects
what does variant angina respond well to
nitroglycerin
calcium channel blockers
what is the zone of injury
area immediately adjacent to the central zone
tissue is non-contractile cells undergo metabolic changes
electrically unstable
what is angina pectoris
chest pain or pressure due to ischemia
what is variant angina/Prinmetal
caused by vasospasm of coronary arteries in the absence of occlusive disease
what does percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty relieve
obstructed blood flow in acute angina or acute MI
impaired ventricular function results in…
decreased stroke volume
decreased cardiac output
decreased ejection fraction
INCREASED END DIASTOLIC VENTRICULAR PRESSURE
ACE inhibitors generally end with what suffix
-ril
two types of heart transplants
heteroptic
orthotopic
how occluded does the lumen have to be for symptoms to present with coronary artery disease
70% occluded
